What Is Fitness Training? Definitions and Implications: A Systematic Review Article

Overview

Journal Iran J Public Health

Date 2015 Aug 19

PMID 26284201

Citations 13

Authors

Antonio Paoli

Antonino Bianco

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: This review based upon studies searched from the major scientific libraries has the objective of clarifying what is fitness training in modern days, the implications that it has on health in both youth and elderly and finally discuss fitness training practical implications.

Methods: The PRISMA statement was partially adopted and a number of 92 items were selected, according to the inclusion criteria. Results were discussed in 4 main sections: 1. Children and adolescents fitness levels; 2. Fitness training in the elderly; 3. Pathology prevention through fitness training; 4. Training through Fitness activities.

Results: This review pointed out the fact that nowadays there is a large variety of fitness activities available within gyms and fitness centers. Even though they significantly differ with each other, the common aim they have is the wellbeing of the people through the improvement of the physical fitness components and the psychological balance.

Conclusion: Fitness instructors' recommendations should be followed in gym context and should be contingent upon an individual's objectives, physical capacity, physical characteristics and experience.

Citing Articles

The Influence of Physical Exercise, Ketogenic Diet, and Time-Restricted Eating on De Novo Lipogenesis: A Narrative Review.

Paoli A Nutrients. 2025; 17(4).

PMID: 40004991 PMC: 11858292. DOI: 10.3390/nu17040663.

The Impact on Autonomic Nervous System Activity during and Following Exercise in Adults: A Meta-Regression Study and Trial Sequential Analysis.

Chiang J, Lin Y, Hung T, Kao H, Kao Y Medicina (Kaunas). 2024; 60(8).

PMID: 39202504 PMC: 11356649. DOI: 10.3390/medicina60081223.

The good, the bad and the ugly - a Swedish qualitative interview study about the landscape of meaning-imbued, exercise-related physical pain, as experienced by 'normal' gym-users.

Pelters P BMC Public Health. 2024; 24(1):1167.

PMID: 38664787 PMC: 11047003. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18623-6.

Walking and Playing with the Dog to Improve the Physical Activity Level of Adolescents: A Scoping Review.

Pajaujiene S, Petrigna L Healthcare (Basel). 2024; 12(6).

PMID: 38540596 PMC: 10970178. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12060631.

Self-Assessment of Physical Fitness and Health versus Motivational Value of Physical Activity Goals in People Practicing Fitness, Football, Martial Arts and Wheelchair Rugby.

Kotarska K, Timoszyk-Tomczak C, Nowak L, Sygit K, Gaska I, Nowak M Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(17).

PMID: 36078718 PMC: 9517824. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711004.

References

Kordi M, Fallahi A, Sangari M . Health-related physical fitness and normative data in healthy women, tehran, iran. Iran J Public Health. 2012; 39(4):87-101. PMC: 3481695. View

Parizkova J . From an inactive and obese to a fit child: how long is the way? Czech experiences. Adv Nutr. 2012; 2(2):177S-81S. PMC: 3065757. DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000349. View

Kramer M, Kriska A, Venditti E, Miller R, Brooks M, Burke L . Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program: a comprehensive model for prevention training and program delivery. Am J Prev Med. 2009; 37(6):505-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.020. View

Westcott W, Winett R, Annesi J, Wojcik J, Anderson E, Madden P . Prescribing physical activity: applying the ACSM protocols for exercise type, intensity, and duration across 3 training frequencies. Phys Sportsmed. 2010; 37(2):51-8. DOI: 10.3810/psm.2009.06.1709. View

Pacheco M, Teixeira L, Franchini E, Takito M . Functional vs. Strength training in adults: specific needs define the best intervention. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2013; 8(1):34-43. PMC: 3578432. View

Garber C, Blissmer B, Deschenes M, Franklin B, LaMonte M, Lee I . American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(7):1334-59. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb. View

Hill T, Gjellesvik T, Moen P, Torhaug T, Fimland M, Helgerud J . Maximal strength training enhances strength and functional performance in chronic stroke survivors. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012; 91(5):393-400. DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31824ad5b8. View

Dolezal B, Chudzynski J, Storer T, Abrazado M, Penate J, Mooney L . Eight weeks of exercise training improves fitness measures in methamphetamine-dependent individuals in residential treatment. J Addict Med. 2013; 7(2):122-8. PMC: 3617407. DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e318282475e. View

Saunders D, Greig C, Mead G, Young A . Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (4):CD003316. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003316.pub3. View

10.

Karelis A, Fontaine J, Messier V, Messier L, Blanchard C, Rabasa-Lhoret R . Psychosocial correlates of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in overweight and obese post-menopausal women: a MONET study. J Sports Sci. 2008; 26(9):935-40. DOI: 10.1080/02640410801885958. View

11.

Paoli A, Moro T, Marcolin G, Neri M, Bianco A, Palma A . High-Intensity Interval Resistance Training (HIRT) influences resting energy expenditure and respiratory ratio in non-dieting individuals. J Transl Med. 2012; 10:237. PMC: 3551736. DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-237. View

12.

Sui X, LaMonte M, Laditka J, Hardin J, Chase N, Hooker S . Cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as mortality predictors in older adults. JAMA. 2007; 298(21):2507-16. PMC: 2692959. DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.21.2507. View

13.

Caspersen C, Powell K, Christenson G . Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985; 100(2):126-31. PMC: 1424733. View

14.

Farrar R, Mayhew J, Koch A . Oxygen cost of kettlebell swings. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(4):1034-6. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d15516. View

15.

Lohne-Seiler H, Torstveit M, Anderssen S . Traditional versus functional strength training: effects on muscle strength and power in the elderly. J Aging Phys Act. 2012; 21(1):51-70. DOI: 10.1123/japa.21.1.51. View

16.

DeFina L, Radford N, Leonard D, Gibbons L, Khera A . Cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary artery calcification in women. Atherosclerosis. 2014; 233(2):648-653. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.016. View

17.

Chen C, Chuang L, Wu Y . Clinical measures of physical fitness predict insulin resistance in people at risk for diabetes. Phys Ther. 2008; 88(11):1355-64. DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20080064. View

18.

Martinez-Gomez D, Eisenmann J, Moya J, Gomez-Martinez S, Marcos A, Veiga O . The role of physical activity and fitness on the metabolic syndrome in adolescents: effect of different scores. The AFINOS Study. J Physiol Biochem. 2010; 65(3):277-89. DOI: 10.1007/BF03180580. View

19.

Bianco A, Pomara F, Thomas E, Paoli A, Battaglia G, Petrucci M . Type 2 diabetes family histories, body composition and fasting glucose levels: a cross-section analysis in healthy sedentary male and female. Iran J Public Health. 2014; 42(7):681-90. PMC: 3881614. View

20.

Moraes W, Souza P, Pinheiro M, Irigoyen M, Medeiros A, Koike M . Exercise training program based on minimum weekly frequencies: effects on blood pressure and physical fitness in elderly hypertensive patients. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012; 16(2):114-21. DOI: 10.1590/s1413-35552012005000013. View