The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Low-income South Asian Americans

Overview

Journal Public Health Nutr

Publisher Cambridge University Press

Date 2015 May 12

PMID 25958907

Citations 12

Authors

Saira A Khan

Robert T Jackson

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of the present paper is to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components using the harmonized definition in an interviewed sub-sample of diverse, low-income, adult South Asians (SA) of both sexes residing in Maryland. We also wanted to derive a BMI cut-off value that was highly correlated with the recommended waist circumference (WC) that we could apply to a larger sample of SA Americans for whom only BMI values were available from clinic files. We also examined differences in MetS prevalence among various Asian ethnic groups (defined by country of origin) and the clustering pattern of their MetS components.

Design: Clinical data extraction on subjects (n 1002) and interviewees (n 401) were used in a cross-sectional study of SA Americans.

Setting: Two community health centres in Montgomery and Baltimore County, MD, USA.

Subjects: SA adult males and females (n 1403) aged 20-68 years.

Results: The prevalence of MetS using harmonized WC cut-offs (90 cm in men and 80 cm in women) was 47% in men and 54% in women. Using a BMI of 23.0 kg/m2 gave a similar prevalence of MetS for males (48%) and females (47%). Of the five MetS components, the prevalence pattern differed among the ethnic groups, particularly for SA Indians.

Conclusions: The prevalence of MetS in a diverse, low-income, SA American immigrant group using the harmonized definition was 51%. Derived lowered BMI cut-off of 23.0 kg/m2 should be used by clinicians in studies on SA when WC values are not available for detecting metabolic risk. SA Indians had a higher prevalence of abnormal TAG and blood glucose values compared with other SA, and therefore results for SA Indians should not be generalized to all SA ethnic groups.

Citing Articles

Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Disease Risk in South Asian Immigrants: A Review of Prevalence, Factors, and Interventions.

Mahadevan M, Bose M, Gawron K, Blumberg R Healthcare (Basel). 2023; 11(5).

PMID: 36900725 PMC: 10000781. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050720.

Design of Culturally and Linguistically Tailored Nutrition Education Materials to Promote Healthy Eating Habits among Pakistani Women Participating in the PakCat Program in Catalonia.

Mohamed-Bibi S, Vaque-Crusellas C, Alonso-Pedrol N Nutrients. 2022; 14(24).

PMID: 36558398 PMC: 9781057. DOI: 10.3390/nu14245239.

Pakistani Women: Promoting Agents of Healthy Eating Habits in Catalonia-Protocol of a Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Randomized Control Trial (RCT) Based on the Transtheoretical Model.

Mohamed-Bibi S, Contreras-Hernandez J, Vaque-Crusellas C Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(16).

PMID: 36012027 PMC: 9407959. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610386.

The IDF Definition Is Better Suited for Screening Metabolic Syndrome and Estimating Risks of Diabetes in Asian American Adults: Evidence from NHANES 2011-2016.

Zhu L, Spence C, Yang J, Ma G J Clin Med. 2020; 9(12).

PMID: 33260754 PMC: 7759813. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123871.

Role of Metformin, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists, and Orlistat based Multidrug Therapy in Glycemic Control, Weight Loss, and Euglycemia in Diabesity: A Real-World Experience.

Dutta D, Jaisani R, Khandelwal D, Ghosh S, Malhotra R, Kalra S Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 23(4):460-467.

PMID: 31741907 PMC: 6844169. DOI: 10.4103/ijem.IJEM_185_19.

References

Schisterman E, Perkins N, Liu A, Bondell H . Optimal cut-point and its corresponding Youden Index to discriminate individuals using pooled blood samples. Epidemiology. 2004; 16(1):73-81. DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000147512.81966.ba. View

Balkau B, Charles M, Drivsholm T, Borch-Johnsen K, Wareham N, Yudkin J . Frequency of the WHO metabolic syndrome in European cohorts, and an alternative definition of an insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Metab. 2002; 28(5):364-76. View

Ford E . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(11):2745-9. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.11.2745. View

Gupta M, Doobay A, Singh N, Anand S, Raja F, Mawji F . Risk factors, hospital management and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in South Asian Canadians and matched control subjects. CMAJ. 2002; 166(6):717-22. PMC: 99450. View

Chowdhury B, Lantz H, Sjostrom L . Computed tomography-determined body composition in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in Indian and matched Swedish males. Metabolism. 1996; 45(5):634-44. DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90036-0. View

Samaha F . New international measuring stick for defining obesity in non-Europeans. Circulation. 2007; 115(16):2089-90. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696260. View

Razak F, Anand S, Shannon H, Vuksan V, Davis B, Jacobs R . Defining obesity cut points in a multiethnic population. Circulation. 2007; 115(16):2111-8. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.635011. View

Snehalatha C, Viswanathan V, Ramachandran A . Cutoff values for normal anthropometric variables in asian Indian adults. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(5):1380-4. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1380. View

. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004; 363(9403):157-63. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3. View

10.

Grundy S, Cleeman J, Daniels S, Donato K, Eckel R, Franklin B . Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005; 21(1):1-6. DOI: 10.1097/01.hco.0000200416.65370.a0. View

11.

Eckel R, Alberti K, Grundy S, Zimmet P . The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2010; 375(9710):181-3. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61794-3. View

12.

Banerji M, Faridi N, Atluri R, Chaiken R, Lebovitz H . Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84(1):137-44. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.1.5371. View

13.

Misra A, Ganda O . Migration and its impact on adiposity and type 2 diabetes. Nutrition. 2007; 23(9):696-708. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.06.008. View

14.

Anjana M, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Vimaleswaran K, Farooq S, Mohan V . Visceral and central abdominal fat and anthropometry in relation to diabetes in Asian Indians. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(12):2948-53. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.12.2948. View

15.

Cameron A, Shaw J, Zimmet P . The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004; 33(2):351-75, table of contents. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.005. View

16.

Grundy S, Cleeman J, Daniels S, Donato K, Eckel R, Franklin B . Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement: Executive Summary. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2008; 4(4):198-203. DOI: 10.1097/00132577-200512000-00018. View

17.

Sandeep S, Gokulakrishnan K, Deepa M, Mohan V . Insulin resistance is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in Asian Indians with normal glucose tolerance--the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-66). J Assoc Physicians India. 2011; 59:480-4. View

18.

Misra A, Misra R, Wijesuriya M, Banerjee D . The metabolic syndrome in South Asians: continuing escalation & possible solutions. Indian J Med Res. 2007; 125(3):345-54. View

19.

Jayasinghe S, Jayasinghe S . Variant metabolic risk factor profile leading to premature coronary disease: time to define the syndrome of accelerated atherocoronary metabolic syndrome in Asian Indians. Singapore Med J. 2009; 50(10):949-55. View

20.

Alberti K, Eckel R, Grundy S, Zimmet P, Cleeman J, Donato K . Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation;.... Circulation. 2009; 120(16):1640-5. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644. View