The Science and Theory Behind Facial Aging

Overview

Journal Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open

Specialty General Surgery

Date 2014 Oct 8

PMID 25289202

Citations 37

Authors

Jordan P Farkas

Joel E Pessa

Bradley Hubbard

Rod J Rohrich

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The etiology of age-related facial changes has many layers. Multiple theories have been presented over the past 50-100 years with an evolution of understanding regarding facial changes related to skin, soft tissue, muscle, and bone. This special topic will provide an overview of the current literature and evidence and theories of facial changes of the skeleton, soft tissues, and skin over time.

Citing Articles

Treatment of the Temples: Brazilian Consensus.

Faria G, Dos Santos D, Vassiliadis A, Vieira Braz A, Palermo E, Bravo B Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024; .

PMID: 39672948 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04614-w.

Enhancing aesthetic outcomes: The role of biomechanics in periorbital and eyelid cosmetic surgery.

Guo L, Song B Indian J Ophthalmol. 2024; 72(10):1424-1432.

PMID: 39331432 PMC: 11573038. DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1549_23.

Safety and Efficacy of an Injectable Solution Enriched With Sodium Hyaluronate, Amino Acids, and Peptides in Relation to Superficial Facial Connective Tissues (Dermis and Retinacular Cutis).

Shelemba E, Olshanska O, Benoit A, Rumyantseva E J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024; 24(1):e16586.

PMID: 39279301 PMC: 11743070. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16586.

Twin Identification over Viewpoint Change: A Deep Convolutional Neural Network Surpasses Humans.

Parde C, Strehle V, Banerjee V, Hu Y, Cavazos J, Castillo C ACM Trans Appl Percept. 2024; 20(3).

PMID: 39131580 PMC: 11315461. DOI: 10.1145/3609224.

Personalized Research on the Aging Face-A Narrative History.

Hinganu M, Cucu R, Hinganu D J Pers Med. 2024; 14(4).

PMID: 38672970 PMC: 11050910. DOI: 10.3390/jpm14040343.

References

Mendelson B, Muzaffar A, Adams Jr W . Surgical anatomy of the midcheek and malar mounds. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002; 110(3):885-96; discussion 897-911. DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200209010-00026. View

Lambros V . Observations on periorbital and midface aging. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007; 120(5):1367-1376. DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000279348.09156.c3. View

Israel H, Garces J . Skeletal and dental development in the endemic goitre and cretinism areas of Ecuador. J Trop Med Hyg. 1969; 72(5):105-13. View

Pitanguy I, Pamplona D, Weber H, Leta F, Salgado F, Radwanski H . Numerical modeling of facial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998; 102(1):200-4. DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199807000-00033. View

Rohrich R, Pessa J, Ristow B . The youthful cheek and the deep medial fat compartment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 121(6):2107-2112. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31817123c6. View

MONTAGNA W, Hu F, Carlisle K . A reinvestigation of solar lentigines. Arch Dermatol. 1980; 116(10):1151-4. View

Varani J, Spearman D, Perone P, Fligiel S, Datta S, Wang Z . Inhibition of type I procollagen synthesis by damaged collagen in photoaged skin and by collagenase-degraded collagen in vitro. Am J Pathol. 2001; 158(3):931-42. PMC: 1850364. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64040-0. View

Schlessinger J, Kenkel J, Werschler P . Further enhancement of facial appearance with a hydroquinone skin care system plus tretinoin in patients previously treated with botulinum toxin Type A. Aesthet Surg J. 2011; 31(5):529-39. DOI: 10.1177/1090820X11411579. View

Rohrich R, Ahmad J, Hamawy A, Pessa J . Is intraorbital fat extraorbital? Results of cross-sectional anatomy of the lower eyelid fat pads. Aesthet Surg J. 2009; 29(3):189-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.asj.2009.02.002. View

10.

Reece E, Pessa J, Rohrich R . The mandibular septum: anatomical observations of the jowls in aging-implications for facial rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 121(4):1414-1420. DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000302462.61624.26. View

11.

Glat P, Jelks G, Jelks E, Wood M, Gadangi P, Longaker M . Evolution of the lateral canthoplasty: techniques and indications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997; 100(6):1396-405; discussion 1406-8. DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199711000-00003. View

12.

Pessa J, Desvigne L, LAMBROS V, Nimerick J, Sugunan B, Zadoo V . Changes in ocular globe-to-orbital rim position with age: implications for aesthetic blepharoplasty of the lower eyelids. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1999; 23(5):337-42. DOI: 10.1007/s002669900295. View

13.

Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting H, Roeder A, Weindl G . Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging. 2007; 1(4):327-48. PMC: 2699641. DOI: 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327. View

14.

Aiache A, Ramirez O . The suborbicularis oculi fat pads: an anatomic and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995; 95(1):37-42. DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199501000-00005. View

15.

Ho E, Trookman N, Sperber B, Rizer R, Spindler R, Sonti S . A randomized, double-blind, controlled comparative trial of the anti-aging properties of non-prescription tri-retinol 1.1% vs. prescription tretinoin 0.025%. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011; 11(1):64-9. View

16.

Gierloff M, Stohring C, Buder T, Gassling V, Acil Y, Wiltfang J . Aging changes of the midfacial fat compartments: a computed tomographic study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011; 129(1):263-273. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182362b96. View

17.

Reenstra W, Yaar M, Gilchrest B . Aging affects epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and traffic kinetics. Exp Cell Res. 1996; 227(2):252-5. DOI: 10.1006/excr.1996.0274. View

18.

Mendelson B . Surgery of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system: principles of release, vectors, and fixation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001; 107(6):1545-52; discussion 1553-5, 1556-7, 1558-61. View

19.

Little J . Three-dimensional rejuvenation of the midface: volumetric resculpture by malar imbrication. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000; 105(1):267-85; discussion 286-9. DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200001000-00044. View

20.

Gosain A, Yousif N, Madiedo G, LARSON D, Matloub H, Sanger J . Surgical anatomy of the SMAS: a reinvestigation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993; 92(7):1254-63; discussion 1264-5. View