» Articles » PMID: 25153274

CT and MR Imaging Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Part I. Development, Growth, and Spread: Key Pathologic and Imaging Aspects

Overview
Journal Radiology
Specialty Radiology
Date 2014 Aug 26
PMID 25153274
Citations 175
Authors
Affiliations
Soon will be listed here.
Abstract

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging play critical roles in the diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The first article of this two-part review discusses key concepts of HCC development, growth, and spread, emphasizing those features with imaging correlates and hence most relevant to radiologists; state-of-the-art CT and MR imaging technique with extracellular and hepatobiliary contrast agents; and the imaging appearance of precursor nodules that eventually may transform into overt HCC.

Citing Articles

Oligometastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma to the Perirectal Pelvis, a Rare Site of Distant Spread.

Lupu G, Barritt 4th A, Iuga A, Moon A, Sanoff H, Yanagihara T ACG Case Rep J. 2025; 12(2):e01615.

PMID: 39925792 PMC: 11805561. DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000001615.


Intracellular enhancement technique for gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary-phase magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of hepatic function.

Fonseca D, Nakamura Y, Higaki T, Maeda S, Nishihara T, Bito Y Abdom Radiol (NY). 2025; .

PMID: 39888382 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-025-04817-y.


Non-medicinal oral contrast in upper abdominal MRI for MR-guided radiotherapy: A scoping review.

Beasley M, Henry A, Bestall J, Cosgrove V, Murray L, Burnett C Radiography (Lond). 2025; 31(2):102868.

PMID: 39863498 PMC: 11904122. DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2025.01.003.


Super delayed phase imaging in gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: investigating factors contributing to improved liver contrast.

Kobayashi T, Kozaka K, Matsubara T, Yokka A, Igarashi S, Kitao A Eur Radiol. 2024; .

PMID: 39613959 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-11227-z.


RMCNet: A Liver Cancer Segmentation Network Based on 3D Multi-Scale Convolution, Attention, and Residual Path.

Zhang Z, Gao J, Li S, Wang H Bioengineering (Basel). 2024; 11(11).

PMID: 39593733 PMC: 11591158. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11111073.


References
1.
Swan S, Lambrecht L, Townsend R, Davies B, McCloud S, Parker J . Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of gadobenate dimeglumine in subjects with renal impairment. Invest Radiol. 1999; 34(7):443-8. DOI: 10.1097/00004424-199907000-00001. View

2.
Llovet J, Fuster J, Bruix J . The Barcelona approach: diagnosis, staging, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2004; 10(2 Suppl 1):S115-20. DOI: 10.1002/lt.20034. View

3.
Beasley R, Hwang L, Lin C, Chien C . Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet. 1981; 2(8256):1129-33. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90585-7. View

4.
Omata M, Lesmana L, Tateishi R, Chen P, Lin S, Yoshida H . Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2010; 4(2):439-74. PMC: 2900561. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9165-7. View

5.
Tamada T, Ito K, Yoshida K, Kanki A, Higaki A, Tanimoto D . Comparison of three different injection methods for arterial phase of Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR imaging of the liver. Eur J Radiol. 2011; 80(3):e284-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.12.082. View