The Facial Affective Scale As a Predictor for Pain Unpleasantness when Children Undergo Immunizations

Overview

Journal Nurs Res Pract

Publisher Wiley

Date 2014 Apr 16

PMID 24734174

Citations 2

Authors

Stefan Nilsson

Berit Finnstrom

Evalotte Morelius

Maria Forsner

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Needle fear is a common problem in children undergoing immunization. To ensure that the individual child's needs are met during a painful procedure it would be beneficial to be able to predict whether there is a need for extra support. The self-reporting instrument facial affective scale (FAS) could have potential for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the FAS can predict pain unpleasantness in girls undergoing immunization. Girls, aged 11-12 years, reported their expected pain unpleasantness on the FAS at least two weeks before and then experienced pain unpleasantness immediately before each vaccination. The experienced pain unpleasantness during the vaccination was also reported immediately after each immunization. The level of anxiety was similarly assessed during each vaccination and supplemented with stress measures in relation to the procedure in order to assess and evaluate concurrent validity. The results show that the FAS is valid to predict pain unpleasantness in 11-12-year-old girls who undergo immunizations and that it has the potential to be a feasible instrument to identify children who are in need of extra support to cope with immunization. In conclusion, the FAS measurement can facilitate caring interventions.

Citing Articles

Effectiveness of a Mobile App Intervention for Preparing Preschool Children and Parents for Day Surgery: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Kerimaa H, Hakala M, Haapea M, Vahanikkila H, Serlo W, He H J Med Internet Res. 2023; 25:e46989.

PMID: 37773624 PMC: 10576237. DOI: 10.2196/46989.

Neonatal Invasive Procedures Predict Pain Intensity at School Age in Children Born Very Preterm.

Valeri B, Ranger M, Chau C, Cepeda I, Synnes A, Linhares M Clin J Pain. 2016; 32(12):1086-1093.

PMID: 26783986 PMC: 4728072. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000353.

References

Blount R, Piira T, Cohen L, Cheng P . Pediatric procedural pain. Behav Modif. 2005; 30(1):24-49. DOI: 10.1177/0145445505282438. View

Nguyen T, Nilsson S, Hellstrom A, Bengtson A . Music therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in children with cancer undergoing lumbar puncture: a randomized clinical trial. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2010; 27(3):146-55. DOI: 10.1177/1043454209355983. View

Forsner M, Jansson L, Soderberg A . Afraid of medical care school-aged children's narratives about medical fear. J Pediatr Nurs. 2009; 24(6):519-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2009.08.003. View

Nilsson S, Finnstrom B, Kokinsky E, Enskar K . The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2009; 13(2):102-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2009.01.003. View

Shah V, Taddio A, Rieder M . Effectiveness and tolerability of pharmacologic and combined interventions for reducing injection pain during routine childhood immunizations: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Ther. 2009; 31 Suppl 2:S104-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.08.001. View

Lang E, Hatsiopoulou O, Koch T, Berbaum K, Lutgendorf S, Kettenmann E . Can words hurt? Patient-provider interactions during invasive procedures. Pain. 2005; 114(1-2):303-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.028. View

Tsao J, Fanurik D, Zeltzer L . Long-term effects of a brief distraction intervention on children's laboratory pain reactivity. Behav Modif. 2003; 27(2):217-32. DOI: 10.1177/0145445503251583. View

Ekman I, Swedberg K, Taft C, Lindseth A, Norberg A, Brink E . Person-centered care--ready for prime time. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2011; 10(4):248-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2011.06.008. View

Galvin K, Todres L . Research based empathic knowledge for nursing: a translational strategy for disseminating phenomenological research findings to provide evidence for caring practice. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010; 48(4):522-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.08.009. View

10.

Nilsson S, Buchholz M, Thunberg G . Assessing Children's Anxiety Using the Modified Short State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Talking Mats: A Pilot Study. Nurs Res Pract. 2012; 2012:932570. PMC: 3444045. DOI: 10.1155/2012/932570. View

11.

Richter M, Eck J, Straube T, Miltner W, Weiss T . Do words hurt? Brain activation during the processing of pain-related words. Pain. 2009; 148(2):198-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.009. View

12.

von Baeyer C, Marche T, Rocha E, Salmon K . Children's memory for pain: overview and implications for practice. J Pain. 2004; 5(5):241-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.05.001. View

13.

Heden L, von Essen L, Ljungman G . Effect of high-dose paracetamol on needle procedures in children with cancer--an RCT. Acta Paediatr. 2013; 103(3):314-9. DOI: 10.1111/apa.12509. View

14.

Perrott D, Goodenough B, Champion G . Children's ratings of the intensity and unpleasantness of post-operative pain using facial expression scales. Eur J Pain. 2004; 8(2):119-27. DOI: 10.1016/S1090-3801(03)00087-9. View

15.

Forsner M, Norstrom F, Nordyke K, Ivarsson A, Lindh V . Relaxation and guided imagery used with 12-year-olds during venipuncture in a school-based screening study. J Child Health Care. 2013; 18(3):241-52. DOI: 10.1177/1367493513486963. View

16.

Goodenough , van Dongen K , Brouwer , Champion . A comparison of the Faces Pain Scale and the Facial Affective Scale for children's estimates of the intensity and unpleasantness of needle pain during blood sampling. Eur J Pain. 2000; 3(4):301-315. DOI: 10.1053/eujp.1999.0136. View

17.

McGrath P, Seifert C, Speechley K, Booth J, Stitt L, Gibson M . A new analogue scale for assessing children's pain: an initial validation study. Pain. 1996; 64(3):435-443. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00171-9. View

18.

Melzack R . Evolution of the neuromatrix theory of pain. The Prithvi Raj Lecture: presented at the third World Congress of World Institute of Pain, Barcelona 2004. Pain Pract. 2006; 5(2):85-94. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2005.05203.x. View

19.

Carter B . Pain narratives and narrative practitioners: a way of working 'in-relation' with children experiencing pain. J Nurs Manag. 2004; 12(3):210-6. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2834.2003.00440.x. View

20.

Taddio A, Ipp M, Thivakaran S, Jamal A, Parikh C, Smart S . Survey of the prevalence of immunization non-compliance due to needle fears in children and adults. Vaccine. 2012; 30(32):4807-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.011. View