Regulation of Memory - from the Adrenal Medulla to Liver to Astrocytes to Neurons

Overview

Journal Brain Res Bull

Specialty Neurology

Date 2014 Jan 11

PMID 24406469

Citations 22

Authors

Paul E Gold

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Epinephrine, released into blood from the adrenal medulla in response to arousing experiences, is a potent enhancer of learning and memory processing. This review examines mechanisms by which epinephrine exerts its effects on these cognitive functions. Because epinephrine is largely blocked from moving from blood to brain, it is likely that the hormone's effects on memory are mediated by peripheral actions. A classic effect of epinephrine is to act at the liver to break down glycogen stores, resulting in increased blood glucose levels. The increase in blood glucose provides additional energy substrates to the brain to buttress the processes needed for an experience to be learned and remembered. In part, it appears that the increased glucose may act in the brain in a manner akin to that evident in the liver, engaging glycogenolysis in astrocytes to provide an energy substrate, in this case lactate, to augment neuronal functions. Together, the findings reveal a mechanism underlying modulation of memory that integrates the physiological functions of multiple organ systems to support brain processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Memory enhancement'.

Citing Articles

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Glucose may Contribute to Retrieval and Reconsolidation of Contextual Fear Memory Through Hippocampal Nr4a3 and Bdnf mRNA Expression and May Act Synergically with Adrenaline.

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Hippocampus-sensitive and striatum-sensitive learning one month after morphine or cocaine exposure in male rats.

Gardner R, Korol D, Gold P Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2022; 217:173392.

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Alteration in the Expression of Genes Involved in Cerebral Glucose Metabolism as a Process of Adaptation to Stressful Conditions.

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Time-dependent changes in hippocampal and striatal glycogen long after maze training in male rats.

Scavuzzo C, Newman L, Gold P, Korol D Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2021; 185:107537.

PMID: 34634434 PMC: 8672440. DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107537.

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