A Simulation of Cross-country Skiing on Varying Terrain by Using a Mathematical Power Balance Model

Overview

Journal Open Access J Sports Med

Publisher Dove Medical Press

Specialty Orthopedics

Date 2014 Jan 1

PMID 24379718

Citations 5

Authors

John F Moxnes

Oyvind Sandbakk

Kjell Hausken

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The current study simulated cross-country skiing on varying terrain by using a power balance model. By applying the hypothetical inductive deductive method, we compared the simulated position along the track with actual skiing on snow, and calculated the theoretical effect of friction and air drag on skiing performance. As input values in the model, air drag and friction were estimated from the literature, whereas the model included relationships between heart rate, metabolic rate, and work rate based on the treadmill roller-ski testing of an elite cross-country skier. We verified this procedure by testing four models of metabolic rate against experimental data on the treadmill. The experimental data corresponded well with the simulations, with the best fit when work rate was increased on uphill and decreased on downhill terrain. The simulations predicted that skiing time increases by 3%-4% when either friction or air drag increases by 10%. In conclusion, the power balance model was found to be a useful tool for predicting how various factors influence racing performance in cross-country skiing.

Citing Articles

The influence of tactical positioning on performance in sprint cross-country skiing.

Haugnes P, Kocbach J, Noordhof D, Talsnes R, Ettema G, Sandbakk O PLoS One. 2023; 18(6):e0287717.

PMID: 37352243 PMC: 10289379. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287717.

Estimation of Mechanical Power Output Employing Deep Learning on Inertial Measurement Data in Roller Ski Skating.

Uddin M, Seeberg T, Kocbach J, Liverud A, Gonzalez V, Sandbakk O Sensors (Basel). 2021; 21(19).

PMID: 34640819 PMC: 8512452. DOI: 10.3390/s21196500.

Polymorphism of the Gene and Dynamic Balance Performance in Han Chinese Children.

Cao Y, Zhang Q, Chen J, Li Z, Zhou Z, Shen J Hereditas. 2019; 156:15.

PMID: 31148953 PMC: 6533762. DOI: 10.1186/s41065-019-0092-x.

Propulsive Power in Cross-Country Skiing: Application and Limitations of a Novel Wearable Sensor-Based Method During Roller Skiing.

Gloersen O, Losnegard T, Malthe-Sorenssen A, Dysthe D, Gilgien M Front Physiol. 2018; 9:1631.

PMID: 30524298 PMC: 6256136. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01631.

Using the power balance model to simulate cross-country skiing on varying terrain.

Moxnes J, Sandbakk O, Hausken K Open Access J Sports Med. 2014; 5:89-98.

PMID: 24891815 PMC: 4019618. DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S53503.

References

Holmberg H, Rosdahl H, Svedenhag J . Lung function, arterial saturation and oxygen uptake in elite cross country skiers: influence of exercise mode. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006; 17(4):437-44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00592.x. View

Carlsson P, Tinnsten M, Ainegren M . Numerical simulation of cross-country skiing. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2011; 14(8):741-6. DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2010.493885. View

Bilodeau B, Boulay M, Roy B . Propulsive and gliding phases in four cross-country skiing techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24(8):917-25. View

Mognoni P, Rossi G, Gastaldelli F, Canclini A, Cotelli F . Heart rate profiles and energy cost of locomotion during cross-country skiing races. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001; 85(1-2):62-7. DOI: 10.1007/s004210100432. View

Sandbakk O, Ettema G, Leirdal S, Jakobsen V, Holmberg H . Analysis of a sprint ski race and associated laboratory determinants of world-class performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010; 111(6):947-57. PMC: 3092926. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1719-9. View

Nilsson J, Tveit P, Eikrehagen O . Effects of speed on temporal patterns in classical style and freestyle cross-country skiing. Sports Biomech. 2004; 3(1):85-107. DOI: 10.1080/14763140408522832. View

Bergh U, Forsberg A . Influence of body mass on cross-country ski racing performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24(9):1033-9. View

de Koning J, Bobbert M, Foster C . Determination of optimal pacing strategy in track cycling with an energy flow model. J Sci Med Sport. 2000; 2(3):266-77. DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80178-9. View

Tokui M, Hirakoba K . Effect of internal power on muscular efficiency during cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007; 101(5):565-70. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0527-3. View

10.

Sandbakk O, Holmberg H, Leirdal S, Ettema G . The physiology of world-class sprint skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010; 21(6):e9-16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01117.x. View

11.

Sandbakk O, Ettema G, Holmberg H . The influence of incline and speed on work rate, gross efficiency and kinematics of roller ski skating. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 112(8):2829-38. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2261-0. View

12.

Margaria R, Cerretelli P, Aghemo P, Sassi G . Energy cost of running. J Appl Physiol. 1963; 18:367-70. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1963.18.2.367. View

13.

Saltin B, Astrand P . Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. J Appl Physiol. 1967; 23(3):353-8. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.353. View

14.

van Ingen Schenau G, Cavanagh P . Power equations in endurance sports. J Biomech. 1990; 23(9):865-81. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(90)90352-4. View

15.

di Prampero P . Factors limiting maximal performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003; 90(3-4):420-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-003-0926-z. View

16.

van Ingen Schenau G, Jacobs R, de Koning J . Can cycle power predict sprint running performance?. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991; 63(3-4):255-60. DOI: 10.1007/BF00233857. View

17.

Sandbakk O, Holmberg H, Leirdal S, Ettema G . Metabolic rate and gross efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010; 109(3):473-81. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1372-3. View

18.

Smith G . Biomechanical analysis of cross-country skiing techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24(9):1015-22. View

19.

Leirdal S, Saetran L, Roeleveld K, Vereijken B, Braten S, Loset S . Effects of body position on slide boarding performance by cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38(8):1462-9. DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000227536.13175.52. View