Spatial Distribution of Cosmetic-procedure Businesses in Two U.S. Cities: a Pilot Mapping and Validation Study

Overview

Journal Int J Environ Res Public Health

Publisher MDPI

Specialties Environmental Health
Public Health

Date 2013 Dec 11

PMID 24322394

Authors

S Bryn Austin

Allegra R Gordon

Grace A Kennedy

Kendrin R Sonneville

Jeffrey Blossom

Emily A Blood

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Cosmetic procedures have proliferated rapidly over the past few decades, with over $11 billion spent on cosmetic surgeries and other minimally invasive procedures and another $2.9 billion spent on U.V. indoor tanning in 2012 in the United States alone. While research interest is increasing in tandem with the growth of the industry, methods have yet to be developed to identify and geographically locate the myriad types of businesses purveying cosmetic procedures. Geographic location of cosmetic-procedure businesses is a critical element in understanding the public health impact of this industry; however no studies we are aware of have developed valid and feasible methods for spatial analyses of these types of businesses. The aim of this pilot validation study was to establish the feasibility of identifying businesses offering surgical and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures and to characterize the spatial distribution of these businesses. We developed and tested three methods for creating a geocoded list of cosmetic-procedure businesses in Boston (MA) and Seattle (WA), USA, comparing each method on sensitivity and staff time required per confirmed cosmetic-procedure business. Methods varied substantially. Our findings represent an important step toward enabling rigorous health-linked spatial analyses of the health implications of this little-understood industry.

References

Wang M, Peterson K, McCormick M, Austin S . Environmental factors associated with disordered weight-control behaviours among youth: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2013; 17(7):1654-67. PMC: 10284682. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980013001407. View

Lipworth L, McLaughlin J . Excess suicide risk and other external causes of death among women with cosmetic breast implants: a neglected research priority. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010; 12(3):234-8. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-010-0115-9. View

Coelho S, Hearing V . UVA tanning is involved in the increased incidence of skin cancers in fair-skinned young women. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2009; 23(1):57-63. PMC: 2810005. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2009.00656.x. View

Sarwer D, Crerand C . Body image and cosmetic medical treatments. Body Image. 2007; 1(1):99-111. DOI: 10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00003-2. View

Stewart K, Stewart D, Coghlan B, Harrison D, Jones B, Waterhouse N . Complications of 278 consecutive abdominoplasties. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006; 59(11):1152-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2005.12.060. View

Bhogal P, Hutton A, Monaghan A . A review of the current uses of Botox for dentally-related procedures. Dent Update. 2006; 33(3):165-8. DOI: 10.12968/denu.2006.33.3.165. View

Striegel-Moore R, Dohm F, Kraemer H, Taylor C, Daniels S, Crawford P . Eating disorders in white and black women. Am J Psychiatry. 2003; 160(7):1326-31. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1326. View

Boniol M, Autier P, Boyle P, Gandini S . Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012; 345:e4757. PMC: 3404185. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e4757. View

Van Den Berg P, Thompson J, Coovert M . The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance: a covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. J Psychosom Res. 2002; 53(5):1007-20. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00499-3. View

10.

Zuckerman D, Booker N, Nagda S . Public health implications of differences in U.S. and European Union regulatory policies for breast implants. Reprod Health Matters. 2012; 20(40):102-11. DOI: 10.1016/S0968-8080(12)40662-0. View

11.

. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: A systematic review. Int J Cancer. 2006; 120(5):1116-22. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22453. View

12.

Austin S, Spadano-Gasbarro J, Greaney M, Richmond T, Feldman H, Osganian S . Disordered weight control behaviors in early adolescent boys and girls of color: an under-recognized factor in the epidemic of childhood overweight. J Adolesc Health. 2010; 48(1):109-12. PMC: 3139467. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.05.017. View

13.

Neaman K, Hansen J . Analysis of complications from abdominoplasty: a review of 206 cases at a university hospital. Ann Plast Surg. 2007; 58(3):292-8. DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000239806.43438.54. View

14.

Sarwer D, Crerand C . Body dysmorphic disorder and appearance enhancing medical treatments. Body Image. 2008; 5(1):50-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.08.003. View

15.

Dore J, Chignol M . Tanning salons and skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011; 11(1):30-7. DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05186e. View

16.

Karazsia B, Crowther J . Social body comparison and internalization: mediators of social influences on men's muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction. Body Image. 2009; 6(2):105-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.12.003. View

17.

Tylka T . Refinement of the tripartite influence model for men: dual body image pathways to body change behaviors. Body Image. 2011; 8(3):199-207. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.008. View

18.

Lostritto K, Ferrucci L, Cartmel B, Leffell D, Molinaro A, Bale A . Lifetime history of indoor tanning in young people: a retrospective assessment of initiation, persistence, and correlates. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12:118. PMC: 3340300. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-118. View

19.

Choi K, Lazovich D, Southwell B, Forster J, Rolnick S, Jackson J . Prevalence and characteristics of indoor tanning use among men and women in the United States. Arch Dermatol. 2010; 146(12):1356-61. PMC: 8966465. DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.355. View

20.

Klein S, Fontana L, Young V, Coggan A, Kilo C, Patterson B . Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350(25):2549-57. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa033179. View