Biomarkers in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Heart Failure

Most adults with congenital heart disease show high levels of natriuretic peptide (NP) when compared with normal controls. Levels of norepinephrine and NP were strongly related to outcome in studies that included many symptomatic patients, especially those with unrepaired congenital heart disease, Eisenmenger syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension. Limited data are available regarding serial assessment of biomarkers; such information could provide additional important information to help identify patients at risk, as demonstrated during patient follow-up and pregnancy.