Regulation of CAT: Cationic Amino Acid Transporter Gene Expression

Overview

Journal Amino Acids

Specialty Biochemistry

Date 2013 Nov 2

PMID 24178686

Citations 5

Authors

C L Macleod

D K Kakuda

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The majority of mammalian cationic amino acid transport is mediated by the transport system y(+) which facilitates Na(+) independent cationic amino acid (arginine, lysine, & ornithine) transport and Na(+) dependent zwitterionic amino acid (glutamine & homoserine) transport. Other transport systems y(+)L, b(0,+) and B(0,+) also mediate cationic amino acid transport. Their broad substrate specificities and overlapping expression patterns confound biochemical analysis. The isolation of cDNA clones has permitted an analysis of their regulation and opens the opportunity to define the role of each protein in specific cell types. Two genes,Cat1 andCat2 encode transporters with properties similar to the y(+) transport system. Thecat2 gene from the mouse encodes two distinct proteins. mCAT2, and mCAT2A via alternate splicing; each protein has distinctly different transport properties. The regulation of mCAT1, mCAT2 and mCAT2A proteins are reviewed here. The implications of this gene specific regulation on cationic amino acid transport is discussed.

Citing Articles

Arginine-dependent immune responses.

Marti I Lindez A, Reith W Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021; 78(13):5303-5324.

PMID: 34037806 PMC: 8257534. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03828-4.

Hepatitis B virus X protein-induced upregulation of CAT-1 stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Dai R, Peng F, Xiao X, Gong X, Jiang Y, Zhang M Oncotarget. 2017; 8(37):60962-60974.

PMID: 28977838 PMC: 5617398. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17631.

Specific in vivo expression in type II pneumocytes of the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus long terminal repeat in transgenic mice.

Dakessian R, Fan H Virology. 2007; 372(2):398-408.

PMID: 18054063 PMC: 2323580. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.035.

L-Arginine currents in rat cardiac ventricular myocytes.

Peluffo R J Physiol. 2007; 580(Pt.3):925-36.

PMID: 17303641 PMC: 2075447. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.125054.

The transport activity of the human cationic amino acid transporter hCAT-1 is downregulated by activation of protein kinase C.

Graf P, Forstermann U, Closs E Br J Pharmacol. 2001; 132(6):1193-200.

PMID: 11250869 PMC: 1572660. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703921.

References

GILL D, Low B, Grigor M . Interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulate the cat-2 gene of the L-arginine transporter in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271(19):11280-3. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.19.11280. View

Inoue Y, Bode B, Beck D, Li A, Bland K, Souba W . Arginine transport in human liver. Characterization and effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Ann Surg. 1993; 218(3):350-62; discussion 362-3. PMC: 1242978. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199309000-00014. View

Sato H, Ishii T, Sugita Y, Bannai S . Induction of cationic amino acid transport activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages by lipopolysaccharide. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991; 1069(1):46-52. DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90102-e. View

Yoshimoto T, Yoshimoto E, Meruelo D . Enhanced gene expression of the murine ecotropic retroviral receptor and its human homolog in proliferating cells. J Virol. 1992; 66(7):4377-81. PMC: 241244. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.66.7.4377-4381.1992. View

Woodard M, Dunn W, Laine R, Malandro M, McMahon R, Simell O . Plasma membrane clustering of system y+ (CAT-1) amino acid transporter as detected by immunohistochemistry. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266(5 Pt 1):E817-24. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.5.E817. View

Nathan C . Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J. 1992; 6(12):3051-64. View

Kakuda D, Macleod C . Na(+)-independent transport (uniport) of amino acids and glucose in mammalian cells. J Exp Biol. 1994; 196:93-108. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.196.1.93. View

Stuehr D, Gross S, Sakuma I, Levi R, Nathan C . Activated murine macrophages secrete a metabolite of arginine with the bioactivity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and the chemical reactivity of nitric oxide. J Exp Med. 1989; 169(3):1011-20. PMC: 2189276. DOI: 10.1084/jem.169.3.1011. View

Wang H, Kavanaugh M, Kabat D . A critical site in the cell surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses required for amino acid transport but not for viral reception. Virology. 1994; 202(2):1058-60. DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1439. View

10.

Markovich D, Stange G, Bertran J, Palacin M, Werner A, Biber J . Two mRNA transcripts (rBAT-1 and rBAT-2) are involved in system b0,(+)-related amino acid transport. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268(2):1362-7. View

11.

Finley K, Kakuda D, Barrieux A, Kleeman J, Huynh P, Macleod C . A mammalian arginine/lysine transporter uses multiple promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92(20):9378-82. PMC: 40988. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.20.9378. View

12.

Schmidt K, List B, Klatt P, Mayer B . Characterization of neuronal amino acid transporters: uptake of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and implication for their biological effects. J Neurochem. 1995; 64(4):1469-75. DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64041469.x. View

13.

Closs E, Albritton L, Kim J, Cunningham J . Identification of a low affinity, high capacity transporter of cationic amino acids in mouse liver. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268(10):7538-44. View

14.

Sollazzo M, Hasemann C, Meek K, Glotz D, Capra J, Zanetti M . Molecular characterization of the VH region of murine autoantibodies from neonatal and adult BALB/c mice. Eur J Immunol. 1989; 19(3):453-7. DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190307. View

15.

Duncan R, Bazar L, Michelotti G, Tomonaga T, Krutzsch H, Avigan M . A sequence-specific, single-strand binding protein activates the far upstream element of c-myc and defines a new DNA-binding motif. Genes Dev. 1994; 8(4):465-80. DOI: 10.1101/gad.8.4.465. View

16.

Albritton L, Tseng L, Scadden D, Cunningham J . A putative murine ecotropic retrovirus receptor gene encodes a multiple membrane-spanning protein and confers susceptibility to virus infection. Cell. 1989; 57(4):659-66. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90134-7. View

17.

McGivan J, Pastor-Anglada M . Regulatory and molecular aspects of mammalian amino acid transport. Biochem J. 1994; 299 ( Pt 2):321-34. PMC: 1138275. DOI: 10.1042/bj2990321. View

18.

Closs E . CATs, a family of three distinct mammalian cationic amino acid transporters. Amino Acids. 2013; 11(2):193-208. DOI: 10.1007/BF00813860. View

19.

Sollazzo M, Billetta R, Zanetti M . Expression of an exogenous peptide epitope genetically engineered in the variable domain of an immunoglobulin: implications for antibody and peptide folding. Protein Eng. 1990; 4(2):215-20. DOI: 10.1093/protein/4.2.215. View

20.

Hibbs Jr J, Vavrin Z, Taintor R . L-arginine is required for expression of the activated macrophage effector mechanism causing selective metabolic inhibition in target cells. J Immunol. 1987; 138(2):550-65. View