Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: a Meta-analysis of Observational Studies

Overview

Journal Nutrients

Date 2013 Sep 17

PMID 24036529

Citations 75

Authors

Jia-Yi Dong

Wei-Guo Zhang

Jiong Jack Chen

Zeng-Li Zhang

Shu-Fen Han

Li-Qiang Qin

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Vitamin D is suggested to have protective effects against type 1 diabetes. However, the results from observational studies have been inconsistent. We aimed to examine their association by conducting a meta-analysis of observational studies. Multiple databases were searched in June 2013 to identify relevant studies including both case-control and cohort studies. Either a fixed- or random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled risk estimate. We identified eight studies (two cohort studies and six case-control studies) on vitamin D intake during early life and three studies (two cohort studies and one case-control study) on maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy. The pooled odds ratio for type 1 diabetes comparing vitamin D supplementation with non-supplementation during early life was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.98). Similar results were observed in the case-control subgroup analysis but not in the cohort subgroup analysis. The pooled odds ratio with maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.66-1.36). In conclusion, vitamin D intake during early life may be associated with a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes. However, there was not enough evidence for an association between maternal intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring.

Citing Articles

Pre-Type 1 Diabetes in Adolescents and Teens: Screening, Nutritional Interventions, Beta-Cell Preservation, and Psychosocial Impacts.

Sundheim B, Hirani K, Blaschke M, Lemos J, Mittal R J Clin Med. 2025; 14(2).

PMID: 39860389 PMC: 11765808. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14020383.

Metabolic interventions as adjunctive therapies to insulin in type 1 diabetes: Current clinical landscape and perspectives.

Podobnik J, Prentice K Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025; 27(3):1032-1044.

PMID: 39757938 PMC: 11802405. DOI: 10.1111/dom.16154.

The vitamin D receptor TaqI TT genotype is associated with type 1 diabetes in the Black South African population.

Bhola S, Cave E, Prigge K, Bhana S, Crowther N, Padoa C J Nutr Sci. 2024; 13:e73.

PMID: 39703896 PMC: 11658941. DOI: 10.1017/jns.2024.77.

Vitamin D efficacy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Kawahara T, Okada Y, Tanaka Y J Bone Miner Metab. 2024; 42(4):438-446.

PMID: 38664254 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-024-01509-3.

Differences in Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels at Diagnosis of Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes.

Marino M, Galeazzi T, Gesuita R, Ricci S, Catassi C, Cherubini V Nutrients. 2024; 16(5).

PMID: 38474871 PMC: 10934773. DOI: 10.3390/nu16050743.

References

Higgins J, Thompson S . Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002; 21(11):1539-58. DOI: 10.1002/sim.1186. View

Prietl B, Treiber G, Pieber T, Amrein K . Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients. 2013; 5(7):2502-21. PMC: 3738984. DOI: 10.3390/nu5072502. View

. Vitamin D supplement in early childhood and risk for Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Diabetologia. 1999; 42(1):51-4. DOI: 10.1007/s001250051112. View

Mutlu A, Yesiltepe Mutlu G, Ozsu E, Cizmecioglu F, Hatun S . Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2011; 3(4):179-83. PMC: 3245490. DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.430. View

Marjamaki L, Niinisto S, Kenward M, Uusitalo L, Uusitalo U, Ovaskainen M . Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring. Diabetologia. 2010; 53(8):1599-607. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1734-8. View

Wacker M, Holick M . Vitamin D - effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation. Nutrients. 2013; 5(1):111-48. PMC: 3571641. DOI: 10.3390/nu5010111. View

Visalli N, Sebastiani L, Adorisio E, Conte A, De Cicco A, DElia R . Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes in Rome and province. Arch Dis Child. 2003; 88(8):695-8. PMC: 1719595. DOI: 10.1136/adc.88.8.695. View

Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C . Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997; 315(7109):629-34. PMC: 2127453. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629. View

. Incidence and trends of childhood Type 1 diabetes worldwide 1990-1999. Diabet Med. 2006; 23(8):857-66. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01925.x. View

10.

Stroup D, Berlin J, Morton S, Olkin I, Williamson G, Rennie D . Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000; 283(15):2008-12. DOI: 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008. View

11.

Simpson M, Brady H, Yin X, Seifert J, Barriga K, Hoffman M . No association of vitamin D intake or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in childhood with risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Diabetologia. 2011; 54(11):2779-88. PMC: 3478880. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2278-2. View

12.

Greer R, Portelli S, Hung B, Cleghorn G, McMahon S, Batch J . Serum vitamin D levels are lower in Australian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes than in children without diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 14(1):31-41. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00890.x. View

13.

Pitocco D, Crino A, Di Stasio E, Manfrini S, Guglielmi C, Spera S . The effects of calcitriol and nicotinamide on residual pancreatic beta-cell function in patients with recent-onset Type 1 diabetes (IMDIAB XI). Diabet Med. 2006; 23(8):920-3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01921.x. View

14.

Tenconi M, Devoti G, Comelli M, Pinon M, Capocchiano A, Calcaterra V . Major childhood infectious diseases and other determinants associated with type 1 diabetes: a case-control study. Acta Diabetol. 2007; 44(1):14-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00592-007-0235-9. View

15.

Bock G, Prietl B, Mader J, Holler E, Wolf M, Pilz S . The effect of vitamin D supplementation on peripheral regulatory T cells and β cell function in healthy humans: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011; 27(8):942-5. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1276. View

16.

Miettinen M, Reinert L, Kinnunen L, Harjutsalo V, Koskela P, Surcel H . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level during early pregnancy and type 1 diabetes risk in the offspring. Diabetologia. 2012; 55(5):1291-4. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2458-8. View

17.

Ahadi M, Tabatabaeiyan M, Moazzami K . Association between environmental factors and risk of type 1 diabetes - a case-control study. Endokrynol Pol. 2011; 62(2):134-7. View

18.

Onkamo P, Vaananen S, Karvonen M, Tuomilehto J . Worldwide increase in incidence of Type I diabetes--the analysis of the data on published incidence trends. Diabetologia. 2000; 42(12):1395-403. DOI: 10.1007/s001250051309. View

19.

Zipitis C, Akobeng A . Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2008; 93(6):512-7. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2007.128579. View

20.

Stene L, Joner G . Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 78(6):1128-34. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1128. View