Mycotoxins Produced by Fusarium Species Associated with Annual Legume Pastures and 'sheep Feed Refusal Disorders' in Western Australia

Sheep grazing in Western Australia can partially or completely refuse to consume annual Medicago pods contaminated with a number of different Fusarium species. Many Fusarium species are known to produce trichothecenes as part of their array of toxigenic secondary metabolites, which are known to cause feed refusal in animals. This study reports the identity of Fusarium species using species-specific PCR primers and a characterization of the toxigenic secondary metabolites produced by 24 Fusarium isolates associated with annual legume-based pastures and particularly those associated with sheep feed refusal disorders in Western Australia. Purification of the fungal extracts was facilitated by a bioassay-guided fractionation using brine shrimp. A number of trichothecenes (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, monoacetoxyscirpenols, diacetoxyscirpenol, scirpentriol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin), enniatins (A, A1, B, and B1), chlamydosporol and zearalenone were identified using GC/MS and/or NMR spectroscopy. Some of the crude extracts and fractions showed significant activity against brine shrimp at concentrations as low as 5 μg ml(-1), and are likely to be involved in the sheep feed refusal disorders. This is the first report of chlamydosporol production by confirmed Fusarium spp.; of the incidence of F. brachygibbosum and F. venenatum in Australia and of F. tricinctum in Western Australia; and of mycotoxin production by Fusarium species from Western Australia.