Aluminum Speciation Studies in Biological Fluids. Part 3. Quantitative Investigation of Aluminum-phosphate Complexes and Assessment of Their Potential Significance in Vivo

Following the discovery that specific health disorders affecting patients with renal disease were due to their excessive body accumulation of aluminum, it was established that aluminum toxicity was mainly due to the ingestion of aluminum-containing phosphate binders. Suspicion of toxicity was thus cast on aluminum-containing antacids, and subsequent tests held on healthy subjects did reveal that aluminum hydroxide gels were also potential oral sources of aluminum, especially in the presence of citric acid. Nevertheless, authors of these tests concluded that there was only marginal absorption of aluminum phosphate. In contrast with these clinical conclusions, it has recently been contended on theoretical grounds that aluminum phosphate represents a serious health hazard. To help elucidate this issue, this paper first deals with a quantitative investigation of aluminum-phosphate equilibria under physiological conditions. Then appropriate computer simulations based on corresponding results are used to assess the actual extent to which phosphate can influence aluminum bioavailability. These simulations confirm that aluminum phosphate is not expected to induce absorption of high amounts of aluminum when administered by itself. Nevertheless, this result may no longer apply in the presence of food, whose various acidic components are likely to modify the involved chemical equilibria. Moreover, it is shown that rising blood plasma phosphate levels should tend to increase aluminum tissue penetration and hence favor its potential toxicity.