Treatment of Periodontal Disease and Prevention of Preterm Birth: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective: There is a controversy regarding the benefits of periodontal treatment during pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate its effect on the risk of preterm birth and to explore the heterogeneity between studies.

Study Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials were performed. Studies in which women were randomized for periodontal treatment versus no treatment were included. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effect models. A sensitivity analysis was performed.

Results: Twelve randomized trials were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled estimates showed no significant reduction of preterm birth with periodontal treatment (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.08). However, the substantial heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 52%) could be explained either by the risk of bias, the level of income, or by the use of chlorhexidine mouthwashes as a cointervention. Daily use of chlorhexidine mouthwash was associated with a reduction of preterm birth (RR: 0.69; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.95), with moderate heterogeneity among the five studies included (I2 = 43%).

Conclusion: There is an important heterogeneity between randomized trials that evaluated the effect of periodontal treatment on the risk of preterm birth. Chlorhexidine mouthwash as a preventive agent should be further evaluated.