Race, Gender, and Nicotine Metabolism in Adolescent Smokers

Overview

Journal Nicotine Tob Res

Publisher Oxford University Press

Specialty Public Health

Date 2012 Dec 15

PMID 23239845

Citations 30

Authors

Mark L Rubinstein

Saul Shiffman

Michelle A Rait

Neal L Benowitz

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Introduction: Differences in the rate of nicotine metabolism between genders and different races have been hypothesized to contribute to disparities in smoking rate, susceptibility to addiction, and ability to quit smoking. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of race and gender on the rate of nicotine metabolism as indicated by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) in adolescent smokers.

Methods: One hundred and fifty-nine adolescent smokers aged 13-17 were given 2mg of deuterium-labeled cotinine (cotinine-d4). The NMR was calculated as the ratio of concentrations of deuterium-labeled 3'-hydroxycotinine (ng/ml) to cotinine-d4 (ng/ml) in saliva and is a validated biomarker of the rate of nicotine metabolism.

Results: The sample was 67.3% female and racially mixed. On average, Whites had the fastest rates of metabolism compared with both Blacks/African Americans (p < .01) and Asians (p = .01). The NMR was similar between males and females (p = .70). Among the 19 girls who reported using estrogen-containing contraceptives, there was no significant difference in NMR compared with the 83 girls who did not use contraceptives (p = .24) or the 10 who used progestin-only contraceptives (p = .45).

Conclusions: Among adolescent smokers, racial variations in rates of nicotine metabolism were similar to those that have been reported in adult smokers. In contrast to findings in adult smokers, the NMR did not vary significantly by gender or self-reported hormone use.

Citing Articles

Associations Between Childhood Trauma and Tobacco Use Outcomes in Adults after Overnight Abstinence.

Palmisano A, Schwartz E, Gueorguieva R, Sofuoglu M Nicotine Tob Res. 2023; 26(3):324-332.

PMID: 37565294 PMC: 10882440. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad135.

The importance of translationally evaluating steroid hormone contributions to substance use.

Maher E, Strzelecki A, Weafer J, Gipson C Front Neuroendocrinol. 2023; 69:101059.

PMID: 36758769 PMC: 10182261. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101059.

Sex Differences in the Association of E-cigarette and Cigarette Use and Dual Use With Self-Reported Hypertension Incidence in US Adults.

Shi H, Leventhal A, Wen Q, Ossip D, Li D Nicotine Tob Res. 2022; 25(3):478-485.

PMID: 35863748 PMC: 9910126. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac170.

New Biomarkers Based on Smoking-Related Phenotypes for Smoking Cessation Outcomes of Nicotine Replacement Therapy: A Prospective Study.

Nikkholgh A, Ahmad Ebrahimi S, Bakhshi E, Zarrindast M, Asgari Y, Torkaman-Boutorabi A Basic Clin Neurosci. 2022; 12(5):639-650.

PMID: 35173918 PMC: 8818114. DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1552.1.

Serum Concentrations of Cotinine and Trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine in US Adults: Results From Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Sosnoff C, Caron K, Akins J, Dortch K, Hunter R, Pine B Nicotine Tob Res. 2021; 24(5):736-744.

PMID: 34897512 PMC: 8962725. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab240.

References

Messina E, Tyndale R, Sellers E . A major role for CYP2A6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997; 282(3):1608-14. View

Uhl G, Grow R . The burden of complex genetics in brain disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004; 61(3):223-9. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.223. View

Wetter D, Kenford S, Smith S, Fiore M, Jorenby D, Baker T . Gender differences in smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999; 67(4):555-62. DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.67.4.555. View

Dempsey D, Meyers M, Oh S, Nguyen E, Fuentes-Afflick E, Wu A . Determination of tobacco smoke exposure by plasma cotinine levels in infants and children attending urban public hospital clinics. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012; 166(9):851-6. PMC: 3997061. DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.170. View

Prokhorov A, de Moor C, Pallonen U, Hudmon K, Koehly L, Hu S . Validation of the modified Fagerström tolerance questionnaire with salivary cotinine among adolescents. Addict Behav. 2000; 25(3):429-33. DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00132-4. View

Benowitz N, Swan G, Jacob 3rd P, Lessov-Schlaggar C, Tyndale R . CYP2A6 genotype and the metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 80(5):457-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.08.011. View

. Tobacco use among middle and high school students --- United States, 2000-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010; 59(33):1063-8. View

Schlossberger N, Turner R, Irwin Jr C . Validity of self-report of pubertal maturation in early adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 1992; 13(2):109-13. DOI: 10.1016/1054-139x(92)90075-m. View

Perez-Stable E, Herrera B, Jacob 3rd P, Benowitz N . Nicotine metabolism and intake in black and white smokers. JAMA. 1998; 280(2):152-6. DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.2.152. View

10.

Hukkanen J, Jacob 3rd P, Benowitz N . Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacol Rev. 2005; 57(1):79-115. DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.1.3. View

11.

Benowitz N, Perez-Stable E, Herrera B, Jacob 3rd P . Slower metabolism and reduced intake of nicotine from cigarette smoking in Chinese-Americans. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(2):108-15. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/94.2.108. View

12.

Sullivan P, Kendler K . The genetic epidemiology of smoking. Nicotine Tob Res. 2002; 1 Suppl 2:S51-7; discussion S69-70. DOI: 10.1080/14622299050011811. View

13.

Schoedel K, Hoffmann E, Rao Y, Sellers E, Tyndale R . Ethnic variation in CYP2A6 and association of genetically slow nicotine metabolism and smoking in adult Caucasians. Pharmacogenetics. 2004; 14(9):615-26. DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200409000-00006. View

14.

Shiffman S, Sweeney C, Dresler C . Nicotine patch and lozenge are effective for women. Nicotine Tob Res. 2005; 7(1):119-27. DOI: 10.1080/14622200412331328439. View

15.

Moolchan E, Franken F, Jaszyna-Gasior M . Adolescent nicotine metabolism: ethnoracial differences among dependent smokers. Ethn Dis. 2006; 16(1):239-43. View

16.

Benowitz N, Lessov-Schlaggar C, Swan G, Jacob 3rd P . Female sex and oral contraceptive use accelerate nicotine metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 79(5):480-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.01.008. View

17.

Malaiyandi V, Sellers E, Tyndale R . Implications of CYP2A6 genetic variation for smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 77(3):145-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.10.011. View

18.

Rubinstein M, Shiffman S, Moscicki A, Rait M, Sen S, Benowitz N . Nicotine metabolism and addiction among adolescent smokers. Addiction. 2012; 108(2):406-12. PMC: 3504133. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04026.x. View

19.

Malaiyandi V, Lerman C, Benowitz N, Jepson C, Patterson F, Tyndale R . Impact of CYP2A6 genotype on pretreatment smoking behaviour and nicotine levels from and usage of nicotine replacement therapy. Mol Psychiatry. 2006; 11(4):400-9. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001794. View

20.

Swan G, Benowitz N, Lessov C, Jacob 3rd P, Tyndale R, Wilhelmsen K . Nicotine metabolism: the impact of CYP2A6 on estimates of additive genetic influence. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005; 15(2):115-25. DOI: 10.1097/01213011-200502000-00007. View