Epidemiological and Clinical Changes in American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in an Area of Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis Transmission over a 20-year Period

Overview

Journal Am J Trop Med Hyg

Specialty Tropical Medicine

Date 2012 Mar 10

PMID 22403312

Citations 58

Authors

Lara Jirmanus

Marshall J Glesby

Luiz H Guimaraes

Ednaldo Lago

Maria Elisa Rosa

Paulo R Machado

Edgar M Carvalho

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The Health Post of Corte de Pedra is located in a region endemic for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in the Brazilian state of Bahia, and it treats 500-1,300 patients annually. To describe temporal changes in the epidemiology of ATL, we reviewed a random sample of 10% of patient charts (N = 1,209) from 1988 to 2008. There was a twofold increase in the number of cases over the 20-year period, with fluctuations in 10-year cycles. Patients were most frequently male, between the ages of 10 and 30 years, and engaged in agricultural labor; 4.3% of patients had mucosal disease, and 2.4% of patients had disseminated disease. Over the study period, the number of disseminated cases increased threefold, the proportion of cases in younger patients and agricultural workers decreased, and the proportion of patients residing in coastal areas increased. ATL is on the rise in Bahia, with a 10-year periodicity and evolving changes in epidemiology and manifestations of disease.

Citing Articles

Diversity and natural infection of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in an endemic area of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in southeastern Bahia, Brazil.

Cova B, de Oliveira L, Lima Machado P, de Carvalho E, Monte-Alegre A, Schriefer A Parasit Vectors. 2025; 18(1):79.

PMID: 40011928 PMC: 11866633. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-025-06717-y.

Comparison of the spatial and temporal distribution of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in the state of Rio de Janeiro between 2001 and 2011.

Paes L, Oliveira R, Magalhaes M, Pimentel M, Lyra M, Carvalho-Paes L PLoS One. 2024; 19(12):e0308298.

PMID: 39739918 PMC: 11687719. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308298.

Potential of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy for parasitic diseases.

Pinheiro A, Torrecilhas A, Souza B, Cruz F, de Matos Guedes H, Ramos T J Extracell Vesicles. 2024; 13(8):e12496.

PMID: 39113589 PMC: 11306921. DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12496.

Assessing proteases and enzymes of the trypanothione system in subpopulations of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Thor strain during macrophage infection.

Albuquerque-Melo B, Pereira B, Ennes-Vidal V, Goncalves M, Cortes L, Cysne-Finkelstein L Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2024; 119:e240038.

PMID: 38985089 PMC: 11251415. DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240038.

The Role of Senescent CD8T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Disseminated Leishmaniasis.

Abreu C, Nascimento M, Bacellar O, Carvalho L, Carvalho E, Cardoso T Pathogens. 2024; 13(6).

PMID: 38921758 PMC: 11207099. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060460.

References

Walsh J, Molyneux D, Birley M . Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology. 1993; 106 Suppl:S55-75. DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000086121. View

Carvalho E, Barral A, Costa J, Bittencourt A, Marsden P . Clinical and immunopathological aspects of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 1994; 56(4):315-25. DOI: 10.1016/0001-706x(94)90103-1. View

Rangel E, Azevedo A, Andrade C, Souza N, Wermelinger E . Studies on sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mesquita, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1990; 85(1):39-45. DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761990000100006. View

Franca-Silva J, Barata R, da Costa R, Monteiro E, Machado-Coelho G, Vieira E . Importance of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the dynamics of transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Porteirinha Municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2005; 131(3-4):213-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.006. View

Chaniotis B, Neely J, Correa M, Tesh R, Johnson K . Natural population dynamics of phlebotomine sandflies in Panama. J Med Entomol. 1971; 8(4):339-52. DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/8.4.339. View

Rebelo J . [El Niño episodes and temporal distribution of kala azar on São Luís island, Maranhão State, Brazil]. Cad Saude Publica. 2008; 24(7):1713-4. DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2008000700026. View

Costa J, Marsden P, Netto E, Carvalho E, Barral A, Rosa A . Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in a field clinic in Bahia, Brazil: a report of eight cases. J Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 89(6):319-23. View

Grimaldi Jr G, Tesh R, McMahon-Pratt D . A review of the geographic distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the New World. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989; 41(6):687-725. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.687. View

Almeida R, Brito J, Machado P, de Jesus A, Schriefer A, Guimaraes L . Successful treatment of refractory cutaneous leishmaniasis with GM-CSF and antimonials. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 73(1):79-81. View

10.

Jones T, Johnson Jr W, BARRETTO A, Lago E, Badaro R, Cerf B . Epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. J Infect Dis. 1987; 156(1):73-83. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/156.1.73. View

11.

Turetz M, Machado P, Ko A, Alves F, Bittencourt A, Almeida R . Disseminated leishmaniasis: a new and emerging form of leishmaniasis observed in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis. 2002; 186(12):1829-34. DOI: 10.1086/345772. View

12.

Franke C, Ziller M, Staubach C, Latif M . Impact of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation on visceral leishmaniasis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002; 8(9):914-7. PMC: 2732547. DOI: 10.3201/eid0809.010523. View

13.

Schriefer A, Schriefer A, Goes-Neto A, Guimaraes L, Carvalho L, Almeida R . Multiclonal Leishmania braziliensis population structure and its clinical implication in a region of endemicity for American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Infect Immun. 2003; 72(1):508-14. PMC: 343999. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.1.508-514.2004. View

14.

Guimaraes L, Machado P, Lago E, Morgan D, Schriefer A, Bacellar O . Atypical manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a transmission area of Leishmania braziliensis in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009; 103(7):712-5. PMC: 2714265. DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.019. View

15.

Morgan D, Guimaraes L, Machado P, DOliveira Jr A, Almeida R, Lago E . Cutaneous leishmaniasis during pregnancy: exuberant lesions and potential fetal complications. Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 45(4):478-82. DOI: 10.1086/520017. View

16.

Montoya J, Jaramillo C, Palma G, Gomez T, Segura I, Travi B . Report of an epidemic outbreak of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a coffee-growing area of Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1990; 85(1):119-21. DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761990000100022. View

17.

Oliveira-Neto M, Pirmez C, Rangel E, Schubach A, Grimaldi Junior G . An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis) in a periurban area of Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil: clinical and epidemiological studies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1988; 83(4):427-35. DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761988000400006. View

18.

Weigle K, Saravia N . Natural history, clinical evolution, and the host-parasite interaction in New World cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Clin Dermatol. 1996; 14(5):433-50. DOI: 10.1016/0738-081x(96)00036-3. View

19.

Dye C, Wolpert D . Earthquakes, influenza and cycles of Indian kala-azar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988; 82(6):843-50. DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(88)90013-2. View

20.

Reed S, Badaro R, Masur H, Carvalho E, Lorenco R, LISBOA A . Selection of a skin test antigen for American visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 35(1):79-85. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.79. View