Outcome Measures Used in Pediatric Stroke Studies: a Systematic Review

Overview

Journal Arch Neurol

Specialty Neurology

Date 2012 Jan 11

PMID 22232344

Citations 14

Authors

Kyle A Engelmann

Lori C Jordan

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Because no gold-standard outcome measure or measures exist to allow comparison of pediatric stroke study outcomes in clinical trials, we designed a systematic review of the literature to survey the current use of pediatric stroke outcome measures. Studies that used at least 1 standardized measure to assess the outcome of children with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, from full-term newborn to age 18 years, were included. Although 34 studies were included, an additional 36 studies could not be included because ad hoc, author-generated outcome measures were used. Excluding those measures in neuropsychological batteries, 38 unique outcome measures were used. The Wechsler Intelligence Scales, Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure, and Bayley Scales of Infant Development were among the most used, but 79% of outcome measures were used by no more than 2 studies. Although many measures used have been validated for use in children with other medical conditions or for adults with stroke, only 1 measure has been specifically validated for use in pediatric ischemic stroke. To maximize comparability of future clinical trial results, agreement regarding a preferred pediatric stroke outcome scale or battery of measures is paramount; these measures should be reliable, responsive to change, and specifically validated for use in children with stroke.

Citing Articles

Neurococcidiomycosis in children with hydrocephalus: assessment of functional outcome, quality of life and survival in relation to neuroimaging findings.

De la Cerda-Vargas M, Candelas-Rangel J, Navarro-Dominguez P, Sandoval-Bonilla B, Meza-Mata E, Munoz-Hernandez M Childs Nerv Syst. 2023; 40(2):303-319.

PMID: 37819508 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06166-x.

Outcome measures in neurosurgery: Is a unified approach better? A literature review.

Algburi H, Ismail M, Mallah S, Alduraibi L, Albairmani S, Abdulameer A Surg Neurol Int. 2023; 14:61.

PMID: 36895248 PMC: 9990809. DOI: 10.25259/SNI_949_2022.

Consensus-Based Evaluation of Outcome Measures in Pediatric Stroke Care: A Toolkit.

Feldman S, Beslow L, Felling R, Malone L, Waak M, Fraser S Pediatr Neurol. 2023; 141:118-132.

PMID: 36812698 PMC: 10042484. DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.01.009.

Roadmap for the Assessment and Management of Outcomes in Pediatric Stroke.

Felling R, Jordan L, Mrakotsky C, deVeber G, Peterson R, Mineyko A Pediatr Neurol. 2023; 141:93-100.

PMID: 36805967 PMC: 11439373. DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.01.008.

Influence of socioeconomic status on cognitive outcome after childhood arterial ischemic stroke.

Bartha-Doering L, Gleiss A, Knaus S, Schmook M, Seidl R Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020; 63(4):465-471.

PMID: 33336807 PMC: 7986130. DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14779.

References

Saver J, Filip B, Hamilton S, Yanes A, Craig S, Cho M . Improving the reliability of stroke disability grading in clinical trials and clinical practice: the Rankin Focused Assessment (RFA). Stroke. 2010; 41(5):992-5. PMC: 2930146. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571364. View

FRANKENBURG W, DODDS J . The Denver developmental screening test. J Pediatr. 1967; 71(2):181-91. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(67)80070-2. View

Thissen D, Varni J, Stucky B, Liu Y, Irwin D, DeWalt D . Using the PedsQL™ 3.0 asthma module to obtain scores comparable with those of the PROMIS pediatric asthma impact scale (PAIS). Qual Life Res. 2011; 20(9):1497-505. PMC: 3196830. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-011-9874-y. View

Hobart J, Cano S, Thompson A . Effect sizes can be misleading: is it time to change the way we measure change?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010; 81(9):1044-8. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.201392. View

Jennett B, Bond M . Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet. 1975; 1(7905):480-4. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92830-5. View

Monagle P, Chalmers E, Chan A, deVeber G, Kirkham F, Massicotte P . Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008; 133(6 Suppl):887S-968S. DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0762. View

Merkies I, Hughes R . The measurement of disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010; 81(9):943. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.206409. View

DeVeber G, MacGregor D, Curtis R, Mayank S . Neurologic outcome in survivors of childhood arterial ischemic stroke and sinovenous thrombosis. J Child Neurol. 2000; 15(5):316-24. DOI: 10.1177/088307380001500508. View

Waters E, Salmon L, Wake M, Hesketh K, Wright M . The Child Health Questionnaire in Australia: reliability, validity and population means. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2000; 24(2):207-10. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb00145.x. View

10.

FRANKENBURG W, Dodds J, Archer P, Shapiro H, Bresnick B . The Denver II: a major revision and restandardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Pediatrics. 1992; 89(1):91-7. View

11.

Anderson S, Housley A, Jones P, Slattery J, Miller J . Glasgow Outcome Scale: an inter-rater reliability study. Brain Inj. 1993; 7(4):309-17. DOI: 10.3109/02699059309034957. View

12.

Lynch J, Hirtz D, deVeber G, Nelson K . Report of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke workshop on perinatal and childhood stroke. Pediatrics. 2002; 109(1):116-23. DOI: 10.1542/peds.109.1.116. View

13.

Luiz D, Foxcroft C, Stewart R . The construct validity of the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development. Child Care Health Dev. 2001; 27(1):73-83. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2214.2001.00158.x. View

14.

Banks J, Marotta C . Outcomes validity and reliability of the modified Rankin scale: implications for stroke clinical trials: a literature review and synthesis. Stroke. 2007; 38(3):1091-6. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000258355.23810.c6. View

15.

Roach E, Golomb M, Adams R, Biller J, Daniels S, deVeber G . Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Stroke. 2008; 39(9):2644-91. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.189696. View

16.

Jacobs M, Donders J . Criterion validity of the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) after traumatic brain injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007; 22(2):143-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.acn.2006.12.002. View

17.

Varni J, Seid M, Kurtin P . PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care. 2001; 39(8):800-12. DOI: 10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006. View

18.

Smith J, Bidder R, GARDNER S, Gray O . Griffiths Scales of Mental Development and different users. Child Care Health Dev. 1980; 6(1):11-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1980.tb00792.x. View

19.

Agrawal N, Johnston S, Wu Y, Sidney S, Fullerton H . Imaging data reveal a higher pediatric stroke incidence than prior US estimates. Stroke. 2009; 40(11):3415-21. PMC: 3387270. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.564633. View

20.

Hurvitz E, Warschausky S, Berg M, Tsai S . Long-term functional outcome of pediatric stroke survivors. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2004; 11(2):51-9. DOI: 10.1310/CL09-U2QA-9M5A-ANG2. View