Transmission of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 (2009) in Vietnamese Swine in 2009-2010

Overview

Journal Influenza Other Respir Viruses

Publisher Wiley

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2012 Jan 4

PMID 22212737

Citations 22

Authors

Karen Trevennec

Lucas Leger

Faouzi Lyazrhi

Eugenie Baudon

Chung Yan Cheung

Francois Roger

Malik Peiris

Jean-Michel Garcia

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: The pandemic of 2009 was caused by an H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus of swine origin. This pandemic virus has repeatedly infected swine through reverse zoonosis, although the extent of such infection in swine remains unclear.

Objective: This study targets small and commercial pig producers in North Vietnam, in order to estimate the extent of H1N1pdm infection in swine and to identify the risk factors of infection.

Methods: Virologic and serologic surveillance of swine was carried out in 2009-2010 in pig farms (38 swabs and 1732 sera) and at a pig slaughterhouse (710 swabs and 459 sera) in North Vietnam. The sera were screened using a influenza type A-reactive ELISA assay, and positive sera were tested using hemagglutination inhibition tests for antibody to a panel of H1-subtype viruses representing pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm), triple reassortant (TRIG), classical swine (CS), and Eurasian avian-like (EA) swine lineages. Farm-level risk factors were identified using a zero-inflated negative binomial model.

Results: We found a maximal seroprevalence of H1N1pdm of 55·6% [95% CI: 38·1-72·1] in the slaughterhouse at the end of December 2009, 2 weeks after the peak of reported human fatalities with H1N1pdm. Farm-level seroprevalence was 29% [95% CI: 23·2-35·7]. In seropositive farms, within-herd seroprevalence ranged from 10 to 100%. We identified an increased risk of infection for farms that specialized in fattening and a decreased risk of infection in farms hiring external swine workers.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest extensive reverse-zoonotic transmission from humans to pigs with subsequent onward transmission within pig herds.

Citing Articles

A systematic review on reverse-zoonosis: Global impact and changes in transmission patterns.

Al Noman Z, Tasnim S, Masud R, Anika T, Islam M, Rahman A J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2024; 11(3):601-617.

PMID: 39605779 PMC: 11590586. DOI: 10.5455/javar.2024.k810.

Influenza A Viruses in the Swine Population: Ecology and Geographical Distribution.

Klivleyeva N, Saktaganov N, Glebova T, Lukmanova G, Ongarbayeva N, Webby R Viruses. 2024; 16(11).

PMID: 39599843 PMC: 11598916. DOI: 10.3390/v16111728.

Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review.

Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Islam M, Zayed H, Ohimain E, Lee S J Microbiol. 2024; 62(5):337-354.

PMID: 38777985 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00138-9.

The epidemiology of swine influenza.

Li Y, Robertson I Anim Dis. 2021; 1(1):21.

PMID: 34778883 PMC: 8476212. DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00024-6.

Reverse Zoonosis of COVID-19: Lessons From the 2009 Influenza Pandemic.

Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya S, Kuiken T Vet Pathol. 2020; 58(2):234-242.

PMID: 33295843 PMC: 7961641. DOI: 10.1177/0300985820979843.

References

Smith G, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett S, Worobey M, Pybus O . Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature. 2009; 459(7250):1122-5. DOI: 10.1038/nature08182. View

Forgie S, Keenliside J, Wilkinson C, Webby R, Lu P, Sorensen O . Swine outbreak of pandemic influenza A virus on a Canadian research farm supports human-to-swine transmission. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 52(1):10-8. PMC: 3106227. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq030. View

Vijaykrishna D, Smith G, Pybus O, Zhu H, Bhatt S, Poon L . Long-term evolution and transmission dynamics of swine influenza A virus. Nature. 2011; 473(7348):519-22. DOI: 10.1038/nature10004. View

Martin T, Wintle B, Rhodes J, Kuhnert P, Field S, Low-Choy S . Zero tolerance ecology: improving ecological inference by modelling the source of zero observations. Ecol Lett. 2011; 8(11):1235-46. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00826.x. View

Ngo L, Hiromoto Y, Pham V, Le H, Nguyen H, Le V . Isolation of novel triple-reassortant swine H3N2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influenza virus in Vietnam in 2010. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2011; 6(1):6-10. PMC: 4941553. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00267.x. View

Vijaykrishna D, Poon L, Zhu H, Ma S, Li O, Cheung C . Reassortment of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus in swine. Science. 2010; 328(5985):1529. PMC: 3569847. DOI: 10.1126/science.1189132. View

Song M, Lee J, Pascua P, Baek Y, Kwon H, Park K . Evidence of human-to-swine transmission of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus in South Korea. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48(9):3204-11. PMC: 2937722. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00053-10. View

Liu W, Wei M, Tong Y, Tang F, Zhang L, Fang L . Seroprevalence and genetic characteristics of five subtypes of influenza A viruses in the Chinese pig population: a pooled data analysis. Vet J. 2009; 187(2):200-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.026. View

Peiris J, Guan Y, Markwell D, Ghose P, Webster R, Shortridge K . Cocirculation of avian H9N2 and contemporary "human" H3N2 influenza A viruses in pigs in southeastern China: potential for genetic reassortment?. J Virol. 2001; 75(20):9679-86. PMC: 114539. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.20.9679-9686.2001. View

10.

Fouchier R, Bestebroer T, Herfst S, van der Kemp L, Rimmelzwaan G, Osterhaus A . Detection of influenza A viruses from different species by PCR amplification of conserved sequences in the matrix gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38(11):4096-101. PMC: 87547. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.11.4096-4101.2000. View

11.

Hancock K, Veguilla V, Lu X, Zhong W, Butler E, Sun H . Cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(20):1945-52. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906453. View

12.

Sreta D, Tantawet S, Na Ayudhya S, Thontiravong A, Wongphatcharachai M, Lapkuntod J . Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus on commercial swine farm, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010; 16(10):1587-90. PMC: 3298289. DOI: 10.3201/eid1610.100665. View

13.

Garten R, Davis C, Russell C, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A . Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science. 2009; 325(5937):197-201. PMC: 3250984. DOI: 10.1126/science.1176225. View

14.

Ciacci-Zanella J, Vincent A, Prickett J, Zimmerman S, Zimmerman J . Detection of anti-influenza A nucleoprotein antibodies in pigs using a commercial influenza epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed for avian species. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2010; 22(1):3-9. DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200102. View

15.

Pereda A, Rimondi A, Cappuccio J, Sanguinetti R, Angel M, Ye J . Evidence of reassortment of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in swine in Argentina: are we facing the expansion of potential epicenters of influenza emergence?. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2011; 5(6):409-12. PMC: 3175318. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00246.x. View

16.

Hien T, Boni M, Bryant J, Ngan T, Wolbers M, Nguyen T . Early pandemic influenza (2009 H1N1) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: a clinical virological and epidemiological analysis. PLoS Med. 2010; 7(5):e1000277. PMC: 2872648. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000277. View