How Hyperpolarization and the Recovery of Excitability Affect Propagation Through a Virtual Anode in the Heart

Overview

Journal Comput Math Methods Med

Publisher Hindawi

Specialty Medical Informatics

Date 2011 Feb 19

PMID 21331264

Citations 3

Authors

Nicholas P Charteris

Bradley J Roth

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Researchers have suggested that the fate of a shock-induced wave front at the edge of a "virtual anode" (a region hyperpolarized by the shock) is a key factor determining success or failure during defibrillation of the heart. In this paper, we use a simple one-dimensional computer model to examine propagation speed through a hyperpolarized region. Our goal is to test the hypothesis that rapid propagation through a virtual anode can cause failure of propagation at the edge of the virtual anode. The calculations support this hypothesis and suggest that the time constant of the sodium inactivation gate is an important parameter. These results may be significant in understanding the mechanism of the upper limit of vulnerability.

Citing Articles

Optogenetic Termination of Cardiac Arrhythmia: Mechanistic Enlightenment and Therapeutic Application?.

Sasse P, Funken M, Beiert T, Bruegmann T Front Physiol. 2019; 10:675.

PMID: 31244670 PMC: 6563676. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00675.

Optogenetic Hyperpolarization of Cardiomyocytes Terminates Ventricular Arrhythmia.

Funken M, Malan D, Sasse P, Bruegmann T Front Physiol. 2019; 10:498.

PMID: 31105593 PMC: 6491897. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00498.

A Simplified Approach for Simultaneous Measurements of Wavefront Velocity and Curvature in the Heart Using Activation Times.

Mazeh N, Haines D, Kay M, Roth B Cardiovasc Eng Technol. 2014; 4(4):520-534.

PMID: 24772193 PMC: 3998731. DOI: 10.1007/s13239-013-0158-2.

References

Banville I, Gray R, Ideker R, Smith W . Shock-induced figure-of-eight reentry in the isolated rabbit heart. Circ Res. 1999; 85(8):742-52. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.85.8.742. View

Efimov I, Cheng Y, Van Wagoner D, Mazgalev T, Tchou P . Virtual electrode-induced phase singularity: a basic mechanism of defibrillation failure. Circ Res. 1998; 82(8):918-25. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.82.8.918. View

Efimov I, Gray R, Roth B . Virtual electrodes and deexcitation: new insights into fibrillation induction and defibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000; 11(3):339-53. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2000.tb01805.x. View

Chen P, Shibata N, Dixon E, Wolf P, Danieley N, Sweeney M . Activation during ventricular defibrillation in open-chest dogs. Evidence of complete cessation and regeneration of ventricular fibrillation after unsuccessful shocks. J Clin Invest. 1986; 77(3):810-23. PMC: 423467. DOI: 10.1172/JCI112378. View

Trayanova N, Skouibine K, Moore P . Virtual electrode effects in defibrillation. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 1998; 69(2-3):387-403. DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(98)00016-9. View

Rodriguez B, Trayanova N . Upper limit of vulnerability in a defibrillation model of the rabbit ventricles. J Electrocardiol. 2004; 36 Suppl:51-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2003.09.066. View

Cranefield P, Hoffman B, SIEBENS A . Anodal excitation of cardiac muscle. Am J Physiol. 1957; 190(2):383-90. DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1957.190.2.383. View

Chen P, Wolf P, Ideker R . Mechanism of cardiac defibrillation. A different point of view. Circulation. 1991; 84(2):913-9. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.84.2.913. View

BEELER G, Reuter H . Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres. J Physiol. 1977; 268(1):177-210. PMC: 1283659. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011853. View

10.

Noujaim S, Pandit S, Berenfeld O, Vikstrom K, Cerrone M, Mironov S . Up-regulation of the inward rectifier K+ current (I K1) in the mouse heart accelerates and stabilizes rotors. J Physiol. 2006; 578(Pt 1):315-26. PMC: 2075137. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.121475. View

11.

Sepulveda N, Roth B, Wikswo Jr J . Current injection into a two-dimensional anisotropic bidomain. Biophys J. 1989; 55(5):987-99. PMC: 1330535. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82897-8. View

12.

Cheng Y, Mowrey K, Van Wagoner D, Tchou P, Efimov I . Virtual electrode-induced reexcitation: A mechanism of defibrillation. Circ Res. 1999; 85(11):1056-66. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.85.11.1056. View

13.

Chen P, Shibata N, Dixon E, Martin R, Ideker R . Comparison of the defibrillation threshold and the upper limit of ventricular vulnerability. Circulation. 1986; 73(5):1022-8. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.73.5.1022. View

14.

Fabiato A, COUMEL P, GOURGON R, Saumont R . [The threshold of synchronous response of the myocardial fibers. Application to the experimental comparison of the efficacy of different forms of electroshock defibrillation]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1967; 60(4):527-44. View

15.

Luo C, Rudy Y . A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential. I. Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes. Circ Res. 1994; 74(6):1071-96. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.74.6.1071. View

16.

Pandit S, Berenfeld O, Anumonwo J, Zaritski R, Kneller J, Nattel S . Ionic determinants of functional reentry in a 2-D model of human atrial cells during simulated chronic atrial fibrillation. Biophys J. 2005; 88(6):3806-21. PMC: 1305615. DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.060459. View

17.

Skouibine K, Trayanova N, Moore P . Success and failure of the defibrillation shock: insights from a simulation study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000; 11(7):785-96. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2000.tb00050.x. View

18.

Shibata N, Chen P, Dixon E, Wolf P, Danieley N, Smith W . Epicardial activation after unsuccessful defibrillation shocks in dogs. Am J Physiol. 1988; 255(4 Pt 2):H902-9. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.4.H902. View

19.

Roth B . A mathematical model of make and break electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue by a unipolar anode or cathode. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1995; 42(12):1174-84. DOI: 10.1109/10.476124. View

20.

Mazeh N, Roth B . A mechanism for the upper limit of vulnerability. Heart Rhythm. 2009; 6(3):361-7. PMC: 2672308. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.11.010. View