Puncture Technique and Portals of Entry for Diagnostic and Operative Arthroscopy of the Temporomandibular Joint

Cadaveric research, expansion of successful arthrography techniques, and improved understanding of normal anatomy, pathology, and open surgery have led to the development of safe, repeatable, and effective puncture techniques and portals of entry in the temporomandibular joint. Single and multiple punctures are described. Two-year outcomes of operative procedures with favorable results are presented for 145 joints in 95 patients. Complications are discussed.