Tracking of Bone Mass and Density During Childhood and Adolescence

Overview

Journal J Clin Endocrinol Metab

Publisher Oxford University Press

Specialty Endocrinology

Date 2010 Mar 3

PMID 20194709

Citations 41

Authors

Heidi J Kalkwarf

Vicente Gilsanz

Joan M Lappe

Sharon Oberfield

John A Shepherd

Thomas N Hangartner

Xangke Huang

Margaret M Frederick

Karen K Winer

Babette S Zemel

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Context: Whether a child with low bone mineral density (BMD) at one point in time will continue to have low BMD, despite continued growth and maturation, is important clinically. The stability of a characteristic during growth is referred to as "tracking."

Objective: We examined the degree of tracking in bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD during childhood and adolescence and investigated whether tracking varied according to age, sexual maturation, and changes in growth status.

Design: We conducted a longitudinal study with measurements at baseline and annually for 3 yr.

Setting: The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study was conducted at five clinical centers in the United States.

Study Participants: A total of 1554 girls and boys, ages 6-16 yr at baseline, participated in the study.

Main Outcome Measures: Whole body, spine, hip, and forearm BMC and BMD were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and age-, sex-, and race-specific Z-scores were calculated. Deviation from tracking was calculated as the Z-score at yr 3 minus baseline.

Results: Correlations between Z-scores at baseline and yr 3 ranged from 0.76-0.88. Among children with a Z-score below -1.5 at baseline, 72-87% still had a Z-score below -1 after 3 yr. Age, sexual maturation, and deviations in growth status (P < 0.01) were associated with deviation from tracking; however, tracking was strongly evident even after adjusting for the effects of age, maturation, and growth.

Conclusions: Bone density showed a high degree of tracking over 3 yr in children and adolescents. Healthy children with low bone density will likely continue to have low bone density unless effective interventions are instituted.

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