Rectal Cancer Staging

Overview

Journal Clin Colon Rectal Surg

Date 2009 Dec 17

PMID 20011196

Citations 9

Authors

James S Wu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Rectal cancer staging provides critical information concerning the extent of the disease. The information gained from staging is used to determine prognosis, to guide management, and to assess response to therapy. Accurate staging is essential for directing the multidisciplinary approach to therapy. This article focuses on the evolution of staging systems, the rational for staging, and current methods used to stage rectal cancer.

Citing Articles

Colorectal Cancers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries-Demographic Pattern and Clinical Profile of 970 Patients Treated at a Tertiary Care Cancer Center in India.

Deo S, Kumar S, Bhoriwal S, Shukla N, Sharma A, Thulkar S JCO Glob Oncol. 2021; 7:1110-1115.

PMID: 34236917 PMC: 8457848. DOI: 10.1200/GO.21.00111.

The efficacy of anti-EGFR therapy in treating metastatic colorectal cancer differs between the middle/low rectum and the left-sided colon.

Lee K, Chen W, Jiang J, Yang S, Wang H, Chang S Br J Cancer. 2021; 125(6):816-825.

PMID: 34188197 PMC: 8437976. DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01470-2.

Biomarkers for Stratification in Colorectal Cancer: MicroRNAs.

Fadaka A, Pretorius A, Klein A Cancer Control. 2019; 26(1):1073274819862784.

PMID: 31431043 PMC: 6704426. DOI: 10.1177/1073274819862784.

Computerized Tomography Criteria as a Tool for Simplifying the Assessment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.

Gal O, Feldman D, Mari A, Abu Baker F, Hebron D, Kopelman Y J Gastrointest Cancer. 2019; 51(1):130-134.

PMID: 30854604 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00220-1.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum: Practice trends and patient survival.

Dutta S, Alonso C, Waddle M, Khandelwal S, Janowski E, Trifiletti D Cancer Med. 2018; 7(12):6093-6103.

PMID: 30457223 PMC: 6308063. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1893.

References

SCHNALL M, Furth E, Rosato E, Kressel H . Rectal tumor stage: correlation of endorectal MR imaging and pathologic findings. Radiology. 1994; 190(3):709-14. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.190.3.8115616. View

Brown G, Radcliffe A, Newcombe R, Dallimore N, Bourne M, Williams G . Preoperative assessment of prognostic factors in rectal cancer using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg. 2003; 90(3):355-64. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4034. View

Torricelli P, Lo Russo S, Pecchi A, Luppi G, Cesinaro A, Romagnoli R . Endorectal coil MRI in local staging of rectal cancer. Radiol Med. 2002; 103(1-2):74-83. View

Brown G, Daniels I . Preoperative staging of rectal cancer: the MERCURY research project. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2005; 165:58-74. DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27449-9_8. View

ASTLER V, COLLER F . The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg. 1954; 139(6):846-52. PMC: 1609522. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-195406000-00015. View

Akin O, Nessar G, Agildere A, Aydog G . Preoperative local staging of rectal cancer with endorectal MR imaging: comparison with histopathologic findings. Clin Imaging. 2004; 28(6):432-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0899-7071(03)00314-0. View

Idrees K, Paty P . Early rectal cancer: transanal excision or radical surgery?. Adv Surg. 2006; 40:239-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.yasu.2006.06.008. View

Tatli S, Mortele K, Breen E, Bleday R, Silverman S . Local staging of rectal cancer using combined pelvic phased-array and endorectal coil MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006; 23(4):534-40. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20533. View

Kauer W, Prantl L, Dittler H, Siewert J . The value of endosonographic rectal carcinoma staging in routine diagnostics: a 10-year analysis. Surg Endosc. 2004; 18(7):1075-8. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-003-9088-7. View

10.

Lowry A, Simmang C, Boulos P, Farmer K, Finan P, Hyman N . Consensus statement of definitions for anorectal physiology and rectal cancer: report of the Tripartite Consensus Conference on Definitions for Anorectal Physiology and Rectal Cancer, Washington, D.C., May 1, 1999. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001; 44(7):915-9. DOI: 10.1007/BF02235475. View

11.

Talbot I, Ritchie S, Leighton M, Hughes A, Bussey H, MORSON B . The clinical significance of invasion of veins by rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1980; 67(6):439-42. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800670619. View

12.

Shepherd N, Baxter K, Love S . Influence of local peritoneal involvement on pelvic recurrence and prognosis in rectal cancer. J Clin Pathol. 1995; 48(9):849-55. PMC: 502875. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.48.9.849. View

13.

Valentini V, Coco C, Picciocchi A, Morganti A, Trodella L, Ciabattoni A . Does downstaging predict improved outcome after preoperative chemoradiation for extraperitoneal locally advanced rectal cancer? A long-term analysis of 165 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002; 53(3):664-74. DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(02)02764-5. View

14.

McAnena O, Heald R, Lockhart-Mummery H . Operative and functional results of total mesorectal excision with ultra-low anterior resection in the management of carcinoma of the lower one-third of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1990; 170(6):517-21. View

15.

Balch G, De Meo A, Guillem J . Modern management of rectal cancer: a 2006 update. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12(20):3186-95. PMC: 4087961. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i20.3186. View

16.

Walenta S, Chau T, Schroeder T, Lehr H, Kunz-Schughart L, Fuerst A . Metabolic classification of human rectal adenocarcinomas: a novel guideline for clinical oncologists?. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2003; 129(6):321-6. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-003-0450-x. View

17.

Halligan S, Altman D, Taylor S, Mallett S, Deeks J, Bartram C . CT colonography in the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposed minimum data set for study level reporting. Radiology. 2005; 237(3):893-904. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2373050176. View

18.

. NIH consensus conference. Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA. 1990; 264(11):1444-50. View

19.

Pilipshen S, Heilweil M, Quan S, Sternberg S, Enker W . Patterns of pelvic recurrence following definitive resections of rectal cancer. Cancer. 1984; 53(6):1354-62. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19840315)53:6<1354::aid-cncr2820530623>3.0.co;2-j. View

20.

Burton S, Brown G, Daniels I, Norman A, Swift I, Abulafi M . MRI identified prognostic features of tumors in distal sigmoid, rectosigmoid, and upper rectum: treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 65(2):445-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.12.027. View