Diffuse Alveolar Haemorrhage: Factors Associated with In-hospital and Long-term Mortality

Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) is a feature of several immune and nonimmune disorders. Reported prognosis is poor, with in-hospital mortality ranging from 20% to 100%. Early identification of prognostic factors may be useful in the initiation of appropriate treatment. We retrospectively analysed the charts of all patients referred to a university hospital for DAH between 1980 and 2008. Variables associated with in-hospital and long-term mortality were determined using a logistic regression model and the Kaplan-Meier method, respectively. Immunosuppressed patients were excluded. Overall, 97 patients were included in the study. In-hospital mortality was 24.7%. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality were shock (OR 77.5, 95% CI 8.9-677.2), glomerular filtration rate <60 mL x min(-1) (OR 11.2, 95% CI 1.8-68.4) and plasmatic lactate dehydrogenase level more than twice the normal value (OR 12.1, 95% CI 1.7-84.3). Mortality among discharged patients was 16.4% with a median follow-up duration of 34 months. Factors associated with increased long-term mortality in univariate analysis were age over 60 yrs (p = 0.026), cardiovascular comorbidity (p = 0.027) and end-stage renal failure with dependence on haemodialysis (p = 0.026). Patients with immune and nonimmune DAH had similar outcomes. Early outcome depended on nonpulmonary organ failures. Conversely, late outcome was related to age, cardiac comorbidities and the need for haemodialysis.