Inference of the Optimal Pretarget Electron Beam Parameters in a Monte Carlo Virtual Linac Model Through Simulated Annealing

The purpose of this study was to develop an efficient method to determine the optimal intensity distribution of the pretarget electron beam in a Monte Carlo (MC) accelerator model able to most accurately reproduce a set of measured photon field profiles for a given accelerator geometry and nominal photon beam energy. The method has the ability to reduce the number of simulations required to commission a MC accelerator model and has achieved better agreement with measurement than other methods described in literature. The method begins from a cylindrically symmetric pretarget electron beam (radius of 0.5 cm) of uniform intensity. This beam is subdivided into annular regions of fluence for which each region is individually transported through the accelerator head and into a water phantom. A simulated annealing search is then performed to determine the optimal combination of weights of the annular fluences that provide a best match between the measured dose distributions and the weighted sum of annular dose distributions for particular pretarget electron energy. When restricted to Gaussian intensity distributions, the optimization determined an optimal FWHM=1.34 mm for 18.0 MeV electrons, with a RMSE=0.49% on 40 x 40 cm2 lateral profiles. When allowed to deviate from Gaussian intensities a further reduction in RMSE was achieved. For our Clinac 21 EX accelerator MC model (based on the 1996 Varian Oncology Systems, Monte Carlo Project package), the optimal unrestricted intensity distribution was found to be a Gaussian-like solution (18.0 MeV, FWHM= 1.10 mm, 40 x 40 cm2 profile, and RMSE=0.15%) with the presence of an extra focal halo contribution on the order of 10% of the maximum Gaussian intensity. Using the optimally derived intensity, 10 x 10 and 4 x 4 cm2 profiles were found to be in agreement with measurement with a maximum RMSE=0.49%. The optimized Gaussian and unrestricted values of the electron beam FWHM were both within the range of those inferred by focal spot image measurements performed by Jaffray et al. ["X-ray sources of medical linear accelerators: Focal and extra-focal radiation," Med. Phys. 20, 1417-1427 (1993)]. The inference of an extra focal pretarget electron component may be an indicator of a deficiency in the MC model and needs further investigation.