Inhomogeneous Sodium Accumulation in the Ischemic Core in Rat Focal Cerebral Ischemia by 23Na MRI

Overview

Journal J Magn Reson Imaging

Date 2009 Jun 27

PMID 19557842

Citations 4

Authors

Victor E Yushmanov

Alexander Kharlamov

Boris Yanovski

George LaVerde

Fernando E Boada

Stephen C Jones

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: To test the hypotheses that (i) the regional heterogeneity of brain sodium concentration ([Na(+)](br)) provides a parameter for ischemic progression not available from apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) data, and (ii) [Na(+)](br) increases more in ischemic cortex than in the caudate putamen (CP) with its lesser collateral circulation after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.

Materials And Methods: (23)Na twisted projection MRI was performed at 3 Tesla. [Na(+)](br) was independently determined by flame photometry. The ischemic core was localized by ADC, by microtubule-associated protein-2 immunohistochemistry, and by changes in surface reflectivity.

Results: Within the ischemic core, the ADC ratio relative to the contralateral tissue was homogeneous (0.63 +/- 0.07), whereas the rate of [Na(+)](br) increase (slope) was heterogeneous (P < 0.005): 22 +/- 4%/h in the sites of maximum slope versus 14 +/- 1%/h elsewhere (here 100% is [Na(+)](br) in the contralateral brain). Maximum slopes in the cortex were higher than in CP (P < 0.05). In the ischemic regions, there was no slope/ADC correlation between animals and within the same brain (P > 0.1). Maximum slope was located at the periphery of ischemic core in 8/10 animals.

Conclusion: Unlike ADC, (23)Na MRI detected within-core ischemic lesion heterogeneity.

Citing Articles

Sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging has potential for improving penumbra detection but not for estimating stroke onset time.

Wetterling F, Gallagher L, Mullin J, Holmes W, McCabe C, Macrae I J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014; 35(1):103-10.

PMID: 25335803 PMC: 4294399. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.174.

Sodium MRI and the assessment of irreversible tissue damage during hyper-acute stroke.

Boada F, Qian Y, Nemoto E, Jovin T, Jungreis C, Jones S Transl Stroke Res. 2013; 3(2):236-45.

PMID: 24323779 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0168-7.

Yushmanov V, Kharlamov A, Yanovski B, LaVerde G, Boada F, Jones S Brain Res. 2013; 1527:199-208.

PMID: 23792152 PMC: 3885320. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.012.

Intravenous HOE-642 reduces brain edema and Na uptake in the rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke: evidence for participation of the blood-brain barrier Na/H exchanger.

ODonnell M, Chen Y, Lam T, Taylor K, Walton J, Anderson S J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012; 33(2):225-34.

PMID: 23149557 PMC: 3564192. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.160.

References

Le Bihan D, Breton E, lAllemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, LAVAL-JEANTET M . MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology. 1986; 161(2):401-7. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.161.2.3763909. View

Lin S, Song S, Miller J, Ackerman J, Neil J . Direct, longitudinal comparison of (1)H and (23)Na MRI after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2001; 32(4):925-32. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.32.4.925. View

Thulborn K, Gindin T, Davis D, Erb P . Comprehensive MR imaging protocol for stroke management: tissue sodium concentration as a measure of tissue viability in nonhuman primate studies and in clinical studies. Radiology. 1999; 213(1):156-66. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.213.1.r99se15156. View

Xue M, Ng T, Majors A, Furlan A, Awad I, Jones S . Sensitivity of magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging and regional relationship between the apparent diffusion coefficient and cerebral blood flow in rat focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1995; 26(4):667-74; discussion 674-5. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.26.4.667. View

Yushmanov V, Yanovski B, Kharlamov A, LaVerde G, Boada F, Jones S . Sodium mapping in focal cerebral ischemia in the rat by quantitative (23)Na MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009; 29(4):962-6. PMC: 2720271. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21643. View

Kato H, Kogure K, Sakamoto N, Watanabe T . Greater disturbance of water and ion homeostasis in the periphery of experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Exp Neurol. 1987; 96(1):118-26. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(87)90173-7. View

Lin W, Lee J, Lee Y, Vo K, Pilgram T, Hsu C . Temporal relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and absolute measurements of cerebral blood flow in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 2003; 34(1):64-70. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000048151.28173.0d. View

Guadagno J, Warburton E, Jones P, Fryer T, Day D, Gillard J . The diffusion-weighted lesion in acute stroke: heterogeneous patterns of flow/metabolism uncoupling as assessed by quantitative positron emission tomography. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005; 19(4):239-46. DOI: 10.1159/000084087. View

Sobesky J, Zaro Weber O, Lehnhardt F, Hesselmann V, Neveling M, Jacobs A . Does the mismatch match the penumbra? Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in early ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2005; 36(5):980-5. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000160751.79241.a3. View

10.

Schlaug G, Benfield A, Baird A, Siewert B, Lovblad K, Parker R . The ischemic penumbra: operationally defined by diffusion and perfusion MRI. Neurology. 1999; 53(7):1528-37. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.53.7.1528. View

11.

Roberts T, Rowley H . Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging in stroke. Eur J Radiol. 2003; 45(3):185-94. DOI: 10.1016/s0720-048x(02)00305-4. View

12.

Yushmanov V, Kharlamov A, Simplaceanu E, Williams D, Jones S . Differences between arterial occlusive and cortical photothrombosis stroke models with magnetic resonance imaging and microtubule-associated protein-2 immunoreactivity. Magn Reson Imaging. 2006; 24(8):1087-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2006.04.007. View

13.

Shigeno T, McCulloch J, Graham D, Mendelow A, Teasdale G . Pure cortical ischemia versus striatal ischemia. Circulatory, metabolic, and neuropathologic consequences. Surg Neurol. 1985; 24(1):47-51. DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(85)90063-1. View

14.

Belayev L, Alonso O, Busto R, Zhao W, Ginsberg M . Middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat by intraluminal suture. Neurological and pathological evaluation of an improved model. Stroke. 1996; 27(9):1616-22; discussion 1623. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.27.9.1616. View

15.

Kidwell C, Alger J, Saver J . Beyond mismatch: evolving paradigms in imaging the ischemic penumbra with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 2003; 34(11):2729-35. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000097608.38779.CC. View

16.

Lee J, Vo K, An H, Celik A, Lee Y, Hsu C . Magnetic resonance cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen utilization in hyperacute stroke patients. Ann Neurol. 2003; 53(2):227-32. DOI: 10.1002/ana.10433. View

17.

Garcia J, Liu K, Ho K . Neuronal necrosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in Wistar rats progresses at different time intervals in the caudoputamen and the cortex. Stroke. 1995; 26(4):636-42; discussion 643. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.26.4.636. View

18.

Wang Y, Hu W, Ng T, Furlan A, Majors A, Jones S . Brain tissue sodium is a ticking clock telling time after arterial occlusion in rat focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2000; 31(6):1386-91; discussion 1392. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.31.6.1386. View

19.

Le Bihan D . Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion. Magn Reson Med. 1990; 14(2):283-92. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910140213. View

20.

Rivers C, Wardlaw J, Armitage P, Bastin M, Carpenter T, Cvoro V . Do acute diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI lesions identify final infarct volume in ischemic stroke?. Stroke. 2005; 37(1):98-104. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000195197.66606.bb. View