Toll-like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses

Overview

Journal Open Microbiol J

Publisher Bentham Open

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2008 Dec 18

PMID 19088911

Citations 95

Authors

Angeliki Xagorari

Katerina Chlichlia

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Induction of antiviral innate immune responses depends on a family of innate immune receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR mediate the antiviral immune responses by recognizing virus infection, activating signaling pathways and inducing the production of antiviral cytokines and chemokines. ssRNA and dsRNA viruses can be recognized by TLR7/8 and TLR3, respectively. TLR receptors are also involved in the recognition of viruses containing genomes rich in CpG DNA motifs as well as envelope glycoproteins. Cytoplasmic recognition of dsRNA by RNA helicases such as RIG-I and MDA5 provides another means of recognizing viral nucleic acid. In order to counteract the innate host immune system viruses evolved mechanisms that block recognition and signaling through pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs and RNA helicases. Recently, TLR agonists represent a promising approach for the treatment of infectious diseases. This review will focus on the current knowledge of TLR-mediated immune responses to several viral infections.

Citing Articles

Insights Into Enterovirus D68 Immunology: Unraveling the Mysteries of Host-Pathogen Interactions.

Naeem A, Bello M, Bosaeed M Immun Inflamm Dis. 2025; 13(2):e70117.

PMID: 39912556 PMC: 11800235. DOI: 10.1002/iid3.70117.

Evasion of the Antiviral Innate Immunity by PRV.

Wang C, Li L, Zhai X, Chang H, Liu H Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(23).

PMID: 39684850 PMC: 11642419. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252313140.

COVID-19 vaccines: current and future challenges.

Mohammadi D, Ghasemi M, Manouchehrian N, Zafarmand M, Akbari M, Boroumand A Front Pharmacol. 2024; 15:1434181.

PMID: 39568586 PMC: 11576167. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1434181.

The Role of Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) in the Immunology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV).

Pirincal A, Doymaz M Viruses. 2024; 16(10).

PMID: 39459881 PMC: 11512346. DOI: 10.3390/v16101547.

Multifactoral immune modulation potentiates durable remission in multiple models of aggressive malignancy.

Halpert M, Burns B, Rosario S, Withers H, Trivedi A, Hofferek C FASEB J. 2024; 38(10):e23644.

PMID: 38738472 PMC: 11155525. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302675R.

References

Aravalli R, Hu S, Rowen T, Gekker G, Lokensgard J . Differential apoptotic signaling in primary glial cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1. J Neurovirol. 2006; 12(6):501-10. DOI: 10.1080/13550280601064921. View

Alexopoulou L, Holt A, Medzhitov R, Flavell R . Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature. 2001; 413(6857):732-8. DOI: 10.1038/35099560. View

Kumar H, Kawai T, Kato H, Sato S, Takahashi K, Coban C . Essential role of IPS-1 in innate immune responses against RNA viruses. J Exp Med. 2006; 203(7):1795-803. PMC: 2118350. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060792. View

Kawai T, Akira S . Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors. Curr Opin Immunol. 2005; 17(4):338-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.02.007. View

Yang R, Martinez Murillo F, Cui H, Blosser R, Uematsu S, Takeda K . Papillomavirus-like particles stimulate murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to produce alpha interferon and Th1 immune responses via MyD88. J Virol. 2004; 78(20):11152-60. PMC: 521855. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.20.11152-11160.2004. View

Hartman Z, Kiang A, Everett R, Serra D, Yang X, Clay T . Adenovirus infection triggers a rapid, MyD88-regulated transcriptome response critical to acute-phase and adaptive immune responses in vivo. J Virol. 2006; 81(4):1796-812. PMC: 1797572. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01936-06. View

Isogawa M, Robek M, Furuichi Y, Chisari F . Toll-like receptor signaling inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J Virol. 2005; 79(11):7269-72. PMC: 1112123. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.11.7269-7272.2005. View

Yang Y, Huang C, Huang X, Pardoll D . Persistent Toll-like receptor signals are required for reversal of regulatory T cell-mediated CD8 tolerance. Nat Immunol. 2004; 5(5):508-15. DOI: 10.1038/ni1059. View

Riordan S, Skinner N, Kurtovic J, Locarnini S, Visvanathan K . Reduced expression of toll-like receptor 2 on peripheral monocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006; 13(8):972-4. PMC: 1539117. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00396-05. View

10.

Alter G, Suscovich T, Teigen N, Meier A, Streeck H, Brander C . Single-stranded RNA derived from HIV-1 serves as a potent activator of NK cells. J Immunol. 2007; 178(12):7658-66. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7658. View

11.

Loo Y, Fornek J, Crochet N, Bajwa G, Perwitasari O, Martinez-Sobrido L . Distinct RIG-I and MDA5 signaling by RNA viruses in innate immunity. J Virol. 2007; 82(1):335-45. PMC: 2224404. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01080-07. View

12.

Melchjorsen J, Jensen S, Malmgaard L, Rasmussen S, Weber F, Bowie A . Activation of innate defense against a paramyxovirus is mediated by RIG-I and TLR7 and TLR8 in a cell-type-specific manner. J Virol. 2005; 79(20):12944-51. PMC: 1235860. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.20.12944-12951.2005. View

13.

Aravalli R, Hu S, Lokensgard J . Toll-like receptor 2 signaling is a mediator of apoptosis in herpes simplex virus-infected microglia. J Neuroinflammation. 2007; 4:11. PMC: 1866225. DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-4-11. View

14.

Yang R, Wheeler C, Chen X, Uematsu S, Takeda K, Akira S . Papillomavirus capsid mutation to escape dendritic cell-dependent innate immunity in cervical cancer. J Virol. 2005; 79(11):6741-50. PMC: 1112150. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.11.6741-6750.2005. View

15.

Dolganiuc A, Garcia C, Kodys K, Szabo G . Distinct Toll-like receptor expression in monocytes and T cells in chronic HCV infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12(8):1198-204. PMC: 4124429. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i8.1198. View

16.

Wang T, Town T, Alexopoulou L, Anderson J, Fikrig E, Flavell R . Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis. Nat Med. 2004; 10(12):1366-73. DOI: 10.1038/nm1140. View

17.

Mizobe T, Tsukada J, Higashi T, Mouri F, Matsuura A, Tanikawa R . Constitutive association of MyD88 to IRAK in HTLV-I-transformed T cells. Exp Hematol. 2007; 35(12):1812-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.08.008. View

18.

Gill N, Deacon P, Lichty B, Mossman K, Ashkar A . Induction of innate immunity against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection via local delivery of Toll-like receptor ligands correlates with beta interferon production. J Virol. 2006; 80(20):9943-50. PMC: 1617293. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01036-06. View

19.

Uematsu S, Akira S . Toll-like receptors and Type I interferons. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282(21):15319-23. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.R700009200. View

20.

Agaugue S, Perrin-Cocon L, Andre P, Lotteau V . Hepatitis C lipo-Viro-particle from chronically infected patients interferes with TLR4 signaling in dendritic cell. PLoS One. 2007; 2(3):e330. PMC: 1828622. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000330. View