IFPA Award in Placentology Lecture - Characteristics and Significance of Trophoblast Giant Cells

Extraembryonic development in rodents depends on the differentiation and function of trophoblast giant cells. Morphologically striking, giant cells exhibit many extraordinary characteristics adapted to ensure the success of pregnancy. This review summarizes some of the intriguing aspects of giant cell morphology and function. Giant cells are highly polyploid as a result of a switch from a mitotic to an endoreduplicative cell cycle. They further partition their genome content into various fragments which may represent a mechanism to maximize protein synthesis. Similar to metastatic tumour cells, they breach basement membranes and invade deeply into a foreign tissue, the maternal decidualized uterine stroma. Their angiogenic and vasodilatory properties, combined with the ability to remodel arterial walls, enable them to redirect maternal blood flow towards the implantation site. Recent advances have recognized that the giant cell population is more diverse than previously recognized and future studies will have to show how these subtypes differ functionally and how their differentiation is controlled.