The Differential Expression of Proteins in the Cortical Cells of Wool and Hair Fibres

Three different cell types have been identified in the cortex of wool: orthocortex, mesocortex and paracortex. Fine wool fibres, particularly Merino sheep, are noted for their bilateral distribution of orthocortical and paracortical cells, with the latter following the concave side of the crimp wave. Furthermore, studies have indicated that the paracortex has a higher concentration of cysteine than the orthocortex. This has been supported by in situ hybridization studies in the follicle that have shown that sulphur-rich proteins are initially expressed on the paracortical side of the fibre, with some becoming more uniformly spread, laterally, over the entire fibre as the keratinization process progresses. In contrast, proteins high in glycine and tyrosine tend to be expressed initially on the orthocortical side of the follicle. While these in vitro studies have pointed to where specific proteins are located in the follicle, elucidating the situation for the mature fibre has been less easy. A range of approaches have been used to separate orthocortical and paracortical cells and these have only been able to provide evidence for a higher level of cysteine in the latter. Electrophoretic studies have found a number of differences in protein expression between the two sides but have not specifically identified which proteins. Thus, there appears to be good evidence for the paracortex containing a higher proportion of proteins in the ultra-high sulphur class but there is some uncertainty regarding the exact distribution of proteins high in glycine and tyrosine.