Exploring the Contributions of Bed Nets, Cattle, Insecticides and Excitorepellency to Malaria Control: a Deterministic Model of Mosquito Host-seeking Behaviour and Mortality

Overview

Journal Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg

Publisher Oxford University Press

Specialties Public Health
Tropical Medicine

Date 2007 Jul 17

PMID 17631372

Citations 107

Authors

Gerry F Killeen

Thomas A Smith

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Domestic and personal protection measures against malaria exposure either divert host-seeking vectors to other hosts or kill those attempting to feed. Here, we explicitly model mosquito host-seeking processes in the context of local host availability and elucidate the impacts and mechanisms of pyrethroid-treated bed nets in Africa. It has been suggested that excitorepellent insecticides could increase exposure of unprotected humans by concentrating mosquito biting activity on this vulnerable group. This worst-case scenario is confirmed as a possibility where vector populations lack alternative hosts, but an approximate 'break-even' scenario, with users experiencing little overall change in exposure, is more likely because of increased mosquito mortality while foraging for resources. Insecticidal nets are predicted to have epidemiologically significant impacts on transmission experienced by users and non-users at levels of coverage that can be achieved by sustainable net distribution systems, regardless of excitorepellency or the ecological setting. The results are consistent with the outcome of several randomised controlled trials, predicting enormous reductions in transmission at individual and community levels. As financial support, technology and distribution systems for insecticide-treated nets improve, massive reductions in malaria transmission could be realised.

Citing Articles

Unraveling the 'community effects' of interventions against malaria endemicity: a systematic scoping review.

Ko Y, Kagaya W, Chan C, Kanamori M, Mbugua S, Rotich A BMJ Public Health. 2025; 2(2):e001557.

PMID: 40018582 PMC: 11816959. DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2024-001557.

Assessing the relationship between malaria incidence levels and meteorological factors using cluster-integrated regression.

Amadi M, Erandi K BMC Infect Dis. 2024; 24(1):664.

PMID: 38961345 PMC: 11220975. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09570-z.

Outdoor mosquito control using odour-baited devices: development and evaluation of a potential new strategy to complement indoor malaria prevention methods.

Okumu F, Sumaye R, Matowo N, Mwangungulu S, Kaindoa E, Moshi I Malariaworld J. 2024; 4():8.

PMID: 38828119 PMC: 11138741. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10894810.

An optical system to detect, surveil, and kill flying insect vectors of human and crop pathogens.

Patt J, Makagon A, Norton B, Marvit M, Rutschman P, Neligeorge M Sci Rep. 2024; 14(1):8174.

PMID: 38589427 PMC: 11002038. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57804-6.

Characterisation of human exposure to nocturnal biting by malaria and arbovirus vectors in a rural community in Chókwè district, southern Mozambique.

Kampango A, Pinto J, Abilio A, Machoe E, Matusse J, McCall P Wellcome Open Res. 2023; 8:193.

PMID: 37484481 PMC: 10357080. DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19278.1.

References

Grabowsky M, Nobiya T, Ahun M, Donna R, Lengor M, Zimmerman D . Distributing insecticide-treated bednets during measles vaccination: a low-cost means of achieving high and equitable coverage. Bull World Health Organ. 2005; 83(3):195-201. PMC: 2624203. DOI: /S0042-96862005000300012. View

Mushi A, Schellenberg J, Mponda H, Lengeler C . Targeted subsidy for malaria control with treated nets using a discount voucher system in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan. 2003; 18(2):163-71. DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czg021. View

Woolhouse M, Dye C, Etard J, Smith T, Charlwood J, Garnett G . Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94(1):338-42. PMC: 19338. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.1.338. View

Graham K, Kayedi M, Maxwell C, Kaur H, Rehman H, Malima R . Multi-country field trials comparing wash-resistance of PermaNet and conventional insecticide-treated nets against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol. 2005; 19(1):72-83. DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2005.00543.x. View

Beier J . Frequent blood-feeding and restrictive sugar-feeding behavior enhance the malaria vector potential of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus (Diptera:Culicidae) in western Kenya. J Med Entomol. 1996; 33(4):613-8. DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/33.4.613. View

Lengeler C . Insecticide-treated nets for malaria control: real gains. Bull World Health Organ. 2004; 82(2):84. PMC: 2585896. View

Gimnig J, Kolczak M, Hightower A, Vulule J, Schoute E, Kamau L . Effect of permethrin-treated bed nets on the spatial distribution of malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003; 68(4 Suppl):115-20. View

Erlanger T, Enayati A, Hemingway J, Mshinda H, Tami A, Lengeler C . Field issues related to effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol. 2004; 18(2):153-60. DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00491.x. View

Asidi A, NGuessan R, Koffi A, Curtis C, Hougard J, Chandre F . Experimental hut evaluation of bednets treated with an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) or a pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin) alone and in combination against insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Malar J. 2005; 4:25. PMC: 1156935. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-25. View

10.

Smith T, Charlwood J, Takken W, Tanner M, Spiegelhalter D . Mapping the densities of malaria vectors within a single village. Acta Trop. 1995; 59(1):1-18. DOI: 10.1016/0001-706x(94)00082-c. View

11.

Hii J, Smith T, Vounatsou P, Alexander N, Mai A, Ibam E . Area effects of bednet use in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001; 95(1):7-13. DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(01)90315-3. View

12.

Smith D, McKenzie F . Statics and dynamics of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes. Malar J. 2004; 3:13. PMC: 449722. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-3-13. View

13.

Bogh C, Pedersen E, Mukoko D, Ouma J . Permethrin-impregnated bednet effects on resting and feeding behaviour of lymphatic filariasis vector mosquitoes in Kenya. Med Vet Entomol. 1998; 12(1):52-9. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00091.x. View

14.

Asidi A, Nguessan R, Hutchinson R, Traore-Lamizana M, Carnevale P, Curtis C . Experimental hut comparisons of nets treated with carbamate or pyrethroid insecticides, washed or unwashed, against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol. 2004; 18(2):134-40. DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00485.x. View

15.

Snow R, Guerra C, Noor A, Myint H, Hay S . The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2005; 434(7030):214-7. PMC: 3128492. DOI: 10.1038/nature03342. View

16.

Curtis C, Mnzava A . Comparison of house spraying and insecticide-treated nets for malaria control. Bull World Health Organ. 2001; 78(12):1389-400. PMC: 2560652. View

17.

Curtis C, Maxwell C, Lemnge M, Kilama W, Steketee R, Hawley W . Scaling-up coverage with insecticide-treated nets against malaria in Africa: who should pay?. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003; 3(5):304-7. DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00612-1. View

18.

Carey J . Insect biodemography. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000; 46:79-110. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.79. View

19.

Roberts D, Alecrim W, Hshieh P, Grieco J, Bangs M, Andre R . A probability model of vector behavior: effects of DDT repellency, irritancy, and toxicity in malaria control. J Vector Ecol. 2000; 25(1):48-61. View

20.

Kitua A, Smith T, Alonso P, Masanja H, Urassa H, Menendez C . Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the first year of life in an area of intense and perennial transmission. Trop Med Int Health. 1996; 1(4):475-84. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-89.x. View