Caspase-8, -12, and -3 Activation by 7-ketocholesterol in Retinal Neurosensory Cells

Purpose: To determine the caspase pathways involved with 7-ketocholesterol (7kCh)-induced apoptosis in rat R28 cells.

Methods: R28 cells were exposed to 7kCh with or without low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Cell viability was measured by a trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Caspase-3, -8, -9, and -12 activities were measured by fluorochrome caspase assays. ARPE-19 cells were used as control for caspase-3 inhibition experiments.

Results: R28 cultures showed decreased cell viability on 7kCh exposure compared with controls (P < 0.001), and this was reversed with LDL and LDL + z-VAD-fmk (P < 0.001). The 7kCh-treated R28 cultures had increased caspase-8 activity compared with controls (P < 0.001). This activity was blocked partially with LDL (P < 0.01) or LDL + z-VAD-fmk (P < 0.001) but not with z-VAD-fmk alone. Caspase-12 activity was increased after 7kCh treatment compared with controls (P < 0.01), and this activity was increased further with the addition of LDL. Caspase-3 activity in R28 cultures increased with 7kCh treatment compared with controls (P < 0.001). In R28 cultures, the z-VAD-fmk treatment did not blocked 7kCh-induced caspase-3 activity but did block activity in ARPE-19 cultures (P < 0.001). Caspase-9 was not activated by 7kCh treatment.

Conclusions: In R28 cells, 7kCh-induced apoptosis involves the caspase-3 along with the caspase-8 and caspase-12 pathways. LDL partially blocked 7kCh-induced caspase-8 activity but increased caspase-12 activities, suggesting that caspase-8 and caspase-12 pathways are independent of each other. The z-VAD-fmk inhibitor blocked caspase-3 activities in the homogeneous ARPE-19 cultures but not in the heterogeneous R28 cultures.