Social Support and Suicidal Ideation in Older Adults Using Home Healthcare Services

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the associations between objective and subjective social support and suicidal ideation in older adults receiving home healthcare services.

Method: Participants were randomly selected from a sample of older adults newly starting skilled nursing care from a certified home health agency in Westchester County, NY. Research interviewers assessed 522 older adults aged 65 years and older who were receiving home care services. Subjective and objective components of social support were assessed using measures of social network, social interaction patterns, instrumental support, and perceptions of social support. Suicidal ideation was assessed using items from the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Results: In bivariate analyses, neither objectively determined size of social network nor instrumental support was associated with suicidal ideation. However, lower social interaction patterns and lower perceived social support were significantly related to suicidal ideation. After adjusting for potential confounders, only lower perceived support remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation. In post hoc analyses of the perceptions of social support scale items, satisfaction with one's relationships and feeling useful to family and friends were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of suicidal ideation in the final multivariate logistic regression model controlling for possible confounding variables.

Conclusions: Subjective social support is a potentially modifiable risk factor for suicide in later life. Findings suggest that the perception of social support is an important construct to examine in future longitudinal studies examining risk and protective factors for suicidal ideation and behaviors in older adults.