Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage and Cranial Decompression Prolong Survival in Rats with Fulminant Hepatic Failure

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a devastating disease. Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment. However, a third of these patients die due to brain edema before a donor becomes available. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage and decompressive craniectomy have been used to treat brain edema in brain trauma and hemispheric stroke. However, their role in brain edema associated with FHF has not been examined. In this study we evaluated the potential effects of CSF drainage and decompressive craniectomy on survival in FHF using an experimental model in rats. In CSF drainage experiments all animals had ventriculostomy placed. Five days later FHF was induced with d-galactosamine. Those FHF rats that progressed into comatose stages either received CSF aspiration or did not. In separate experiments the study rats had either a decompressive craniectomy or a sham procedure. FHF was induced 5 days later. We found that both CSF drainage and decompressive craniectomy significantly increased survival of FHF rats compared with the controls: 53.2 +/- 1.1 vs. 48.7 +/- 1.5 h (P = 0.031), and 69.4 +/- 3.9 vs. 53.7 +/- 3.2 h (P = 0.009), respectively. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CSF drainage and decompressive craniectomy may increase the window of opportunity for liver transplantation.