Current Clinical Outcomes Demand New Treatment Options for SCCHN

Head and neck cancer can be a devastating disease. The mainstays of treatment for early stage disease are either radiotherapy or surgery. However, although disease responds well at this stage, the risk of a second primary cancer is high, with a development rate of about 4% per year. Advanced diseases are treated either by surgery with postoperative radiotherapy or by definitive radiotherapy, with surgery in reserve for salvage if necessary. Over the past two decades major advances have been made in surgery (reconstructive surgery, non-mutilating surgery). Either definitive or postoperative, radiotherapy is an integral part of the treatment for the majority of non-metastatic stages of disease and ways of improving the effects of radiotherapy are constantly being explored. Good activity has been reported for the use of altered radiation fractionation regimens, which allow the delivery of intensified radiation doses. In addition, in recent years randomized trials and meta-analyses have confirmed the survival benefit of adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy in a number of different settings. Cisplatin-based regimens have been identified as the most active and are now standard treatment choices. The survival benefits of chemotherapy appear to be limited to concomitant administration and do not extend to neoadjuvant administration, although this has demonstrated clinical utility in preserving organ function. Platinum-based combination chemotherapy is by many clinicians considered the standard approach to the treatment of recurrent/metastatic disease for patients who are able to tolerate such regimens, but the prognosis for these patients remains poor; this is particularly true for those whose disease progresses on such therapy. This paper discusses current approaches and recent advances in the treatment of head and neck cancer, specifically squamous cell carcinoma, and suggests future management aims for the different disease stages.