Small for Gestational Age: Towards 2004

Overview

Journal J Endocrinol Invest

Publisher Springer

Specialty Endocrinology

Date 2004 Mar 11

PMID 15008256

Citations 1

Authors

Z Zadik

O Dimant

A Zung

R Reifen

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Children born small for gestational age are a non-homogeneous group and etiology and diagnostic needs vary among subgroups. In view of the knowledge accumulated about immediate and future risk factors for these children it is important to study the etiology and to invest in long-term prevention programs. The aim of this report is to summarize the current knowledge on mechanisms leading to intrauterine growth retardation and to review the intervention procedures.

Citing Articles

The impact of small-for-gestational-age Status on the outcomes in very-Low-birth-weight (VLBW) premature infants: a prospective cohort study in Taiwan.

Lin C, Chang H, Chang J, Hsu C, Jim W, Peng C Front Pediatr. 2023; 11:1209765.

PMID: 37520047 PMC: 10376714. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1209765.

References

Bellone S, Rapa A, Vivenza D, Castellino N, Petri A, Bellone J . Circulating ghrelin levels as function of gender, pubertal status and adiposity in childhood. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002; 25(5):RC13-5. DOI: 10.1007/BF03344026. View

MacDougald O, Hwang C, Fan H, Lane M . Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92(20):9034-7. PMC: 40918. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.20.9034. View

Freemark M, Comer M, Mularoni T, DErcole A, Grandis A, Kodack L . Nutritional regulation of the placental lactogen receptor in fetal liver: implications for fetal metabolism and growth. Endocrinology. 1989; 125(3):1504-12. DOI: 10.1210/endo-125-3-1504. View

Casalino M . Intrauterine growth retardation: a neonatologist's approach. J Reprod Med. 1975; 14(06):248-50. View

Krook A, Brueton L, ORahilly S . Homozygous nonsense mutation in the insulin receptor gene in infant with leprechaunism. Lancet. 1993; 342(8866):277-8. DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91820-c. View

Ibanez L, Valls C, Cols M, Ferrer A, Marcos M, de Zegher F . Hypersecretion of FSH in infant boys and girls born small for gestational age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87(5):1986-8. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.87.5.8459. View

Ehrenkranz R . Growth outcomes of very low-birth weight infants in the newborn intensive care unit. Clin Perinatol. 2000; 27(2):325-45. DOI: 10.1016/s0095-5108(05)70024-5. View

Keirse M . Epidemiology and aetiology of the growth retarded baby. Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1984; 11(2):415-36. View

Fitzhardinge P, Inwood S . Long-term growth in small-for-date children. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989; 349:27-33; discussion 34. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17164.x. View

10.

Gluckman P . Clinical review 68: The endocrine regulation of fetal growth in late gestation: the role of insulin-like growth factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80(4):1047-50. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.80.4.7714063. View

11.

Kolaczynski J, Nyce M, Considine R, Boden G, Nolan J, Henry R . Acute and chronic effects of insulin on leptin production in humans: Studies in vivo and in vitro. Diabetes. 1996; 45(5):699-701. DOI: 10.2337/diab.45.5.699. View

12.

Pryor J, Silva P, Brooke M . Growth, development and behaviour in adolescents born small-for-gestational-age. J Paediatr Child Health. 1995; 31(5):403-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00847.x. View

13.

Giudice L, de Zegher F, Gargosky S, Dsupin B, Las Fuentes L, Crystal R . Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the term and preterm human fetus and neonate with normal and extremes of intrauterine growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80(5):1548-55. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538146. View

14.

Hay Jr W . Fetal and neonatal glucose homeostasis and their relation to the small for gestational age infant. Semin Perinatol. 1984; 8(2):101-16. View

15.

CASSADY G . Body composition in intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1970; 17(1):79-99. DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)32377-x. View

16.

de Zegher F, Butenandt O, Chatelain P, Albertsson-Wikland K, Jonsson B, Lofstrom A . Growth hormone treatment of short children born small for gestational age: reappraisal of the rate of bone maturation over 2 years and metanalysis of height gain over 4 years. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1997; 423:207-12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18418.x. View

17.

Sas T, Mulder P, Hokken-Koelega A . Body composition, blood pressure, and lipid metabolism before and during long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age either with or without GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85(10):3786-92. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.10.6917. View

18.

Strauss R . Adult functional outcome of those born small for gestational age: twenty-six-year follow-up of the 1970 British Birth Cohort. JAMA. 2000; 283(5):625-32. DOI: 10.1001/jama.283.5.625. View

19.

Fall C, Pandit A, Law C, Yajnik C, Clark P, Breier B . Size at birth and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations. Arch Dis Child. 1995; 73(4):287-93. PMC: 1511321. DOI: 10.1136/adc.73.4.287. View

20.

Rondo P, Abbott R, Rodrigues L, Tomkins A . Vitamin A, folate, and iron concentrations in cord and maternal blood of intra-uterine growth retarded and appropriate birth weight babies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995; 49(6):391-9. View