Influence of Bone Mineral Density on Pedicle Screw Fixation: a Study of Pedicle Screw Fixation Augmenting Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Elderly Patients

Background Context: Some biomechanical studies have demonstrated that bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (BMD) affects the stability of pedicle screws in vitro.

Purpose: To investigate influence of BMD on loosening and related failure of pedicle screws in vivo.

Study Design/setting: A clinical study of 52 patients who underwent pedicle screw fixation augmenting posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF).

Patient Sample: There were 13 men and 39 women, with an average age of 63 years (range, 45-76 years) at the time of operation. The mean follow-up period was 2.8 years (range, 2-6 years).

Outcome Measures: Relationship between BMD, screw loosening, and its related failures were statistically analyzed.

Methods: BMD was measured by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method. Radiographic assessments were done by the first author and independently by another orthopedist who was not informed of the values of BMD.

Results: The mean BMD of all patients was 0.879 +/- 0.215 (mean +/- S.D.) g/cm2. The mean BMD in patients with and without screw loosening was 0.720 +/- 0.078 g/cm2 (n=11) and 0.922 +/- 0.221 g/cm2 (n=41). There was a significant difference between the mean BMD of patients with and without screw loosening (P<.01). The mean BMD of patients with "union," "nonunion" and "undetermined union" was 0.934 +/- 0.210 g/cm2 (n=40), 0.674 +/- 0.104 g/cm2 (n=4) and 0.710 +/- 0.116 g/cm2 (n=8), respectively. The mean BMD of patients with "union" was significantly greater than those with "nonunion" and "undetermined union" (P<.05).

Conclusion: It could be concluded that BMD has a close relation with the stability of pedicle screws in vivo, and BMD value below 0.674 +/- 0.104 g/cm2 suggests a potential increased risk of "nonunion" when pedicle screw fixation is performed in conjunction with PLIF.