Late Malignancy Risk in Urology

The long-term survival of children with congenital urological abnormalities is now taken for granted. In general, they have been found to grow up well after many operations and often in the face of considerable handicaps. Their survival carries with it numerous complications, the most frightening of which is the development of cancer. Successful treatment of congenital abnormalities does not excuse the patient from developing cancers to which the general population is prone, but some conditions and some treatments raise specific risks.