Transkinetoplastidy--a Novel Phenomenon Involving Bulk Alterations of Mitochondrion-kinetoplast DNA of a Trypanosomatid Protozoan

Dramatic and consistent changes of mitochondria or kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) were observed in certain variants of Leishmania amazonensis (A variants) selected in vitro for arsenite-resistance. This was found initially by comparing different lots of wild-type cells and their respective A variants resistant to 30 microM arsenite. The kDNAs isolated from these two groups had different restriction patterns and hybridized poorly to each other, whereas those from different lots within each of the two groups were identical. Hybridization data showed an overall identity of less than 10(-3) between total kDNAs of the two groups. This difference was further examined in three independent series of variants, which were selected from three different clones for resistance to graded concentrations of arsenite (5-50 microM). In all three series, their kDNAs were found to change abruptly in an identical pattern at a late step of the selection process, i.e., A variants resistant to 15 microM or 30 microM arsenite. There was no apparent loss of kDNA in the process. Most of the changes observed appear to involve a shift in either the dominance or the copy number of different minicircle subclasses. Surprisingly, the kDNAs of tunicamycin-resistant variants (T variants) were also found to undergo similar changes. Genetic changes previously described in both A and T variants are limited to their nuclei. Namely, different chromosomal regions are amplified to produce large DNA circles which are responsible for the drug-resistant phenotypes. Interestingly, other arsenite-resistant clones without such chromosomal DNA amplification (A' variants) had kDNA of the wild-type pattern. The profound changes of kDNA observed are unprecedented. We propose the term "transkinetoplastidy" for this phenomenon to distinguish it from dyskinetoplastidy or the loss of kDNA described previously in trypanosomatid protozoa. This phenomenon is discussed with respect to the possible mechanisms of its generation, regulation and relation to the drug-resistant phenotypes.