A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Subcutaneous Administration of GM-CSF As a Vaccine Adjuvant: Effect on Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses

Thirty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either a single subcutaneous injection of GM-CSF or placebo at the time of vaccination with tetanus and diptheria toxoid (Td), influenza and hepatitis A vaccines. Humoral response was measured by weekly serum samples assayed for antibodies to tetanus toxoid (TT), influenza and hepatitis A; while cellular response to TT was determined by measuring IL-2 expression in T-cells following in vitro exposure to TT antigen using a flow cytometric assay. It was hypothesized that (1). GM-CSF would augment immune response and (2). that the frequencies of TT responsive T-cells in the blood would predict humoral responses. The administration of subcutaneous GM-CSF as an adjuvant at the time of vaccination did not augment the antibody responses to influenza or hepatitis A in normal volunteers when compared to placebo. Subjects who received GM-CSF had statistically significant lower increases in anti-tetanus antibodies than placebo recipients. Immunization with TT resulted in an increase in the frequency of antigen responsive T-cells in the blood over time. The frequencies of TT responsive T-cells in baseline blood samples were correlated with baseline anti-tetanus antibody titers, but humoral and cellular responses were not correlated following vaccination. Recipients of GM-CSF did not develop significantly higher numbers of TT responsive T-cells after vaccination compared to recipients who received placebo.