A Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium HemA Mutant is Highly Susceptible to Oxidative DNA Damage

The first committed step in the biosynthesis of heme, an important cofactor of two catalases and a number of cytochromes, is catalyzed by the hemA gene product. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium hemA26::Tn10d (hemA26) was identified in a genetic screen of insertion mutants that were sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. Here we show that the hemA26 mutant respires at half the rate of wild-type cells and is highly susceptible to the effects of oxygen species. Exposure of the hemA26 strain to hydrogen peroxide results in extensive DNA damage and cell death. The chelation of intracellular free iron fully abrogates the sensitivity of this mutant, indicating that the DNA damage results from the iron-catalyzed formation of hydroxyl radicals. The inactivation of heme synthesis does not change the amount of intracellular iron, but by diminishing the rate of respiration, it apparently increases the amount of reducing equivalents available to drive the Fenton reaction. We also report that hydrogen peroxide has opposite effects on the expression of hemA and hemH, the first and last genes of heme biosynthesis pathway, respectively. hemA mRNA levels decrease, while the transcription of hemH is induced by hydrogen peroxide, in an oxyR-dependent manner. The oxyR-dependent induction is suppressed under conditions that accelerate the Fenton reaction by a mechanism that is not yet understood.