Protein Phosphorylation in the Delivery of and Response to Auxin Signals

Overview

Journal Plant Mol Biol

Date 2002 May 31

PMID 12036255

Citations 26

Authors

Alison DeLong

Keithanne Mockaitis

Sioux Christensen

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The importance of reversible protein phosphorylation in regulation of plant growth and development has been amply demonstrated by decades of research. Here we discuss recent studies that suggest roles for protein phosphorylation in regulation of both auxin responses and polar auxin transport. Specific kinases act at auxin-requiring steps in floral and embryonic development, and at the junction(s) between light and auxin signaling pathways in hypocotyl elongation and phototropism responses. New evidence for rapid mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by auxin treatment suggests that MAPK cascade(s) might mediate cellular responses to auxin. Protein phosphorylation also may play a crucial role in regulating the activity or turnover of auxin-responsive transcription factors. Auxin transport is modulated by phosphorylation, and protein phosphatase activity is involved in regulation of auxin transport streams in roots. Although the regulatory circuits have not been fully elucidated, these studies suggest that protein phosphorylating and dephosphorylating enzymes perform key functions in auxin biology. In some cases, these enzymes act at the intersections between auxin signaling and other signaling pathways.

Citing Articles

A Talk between Flavonoids and Hormones to Reorient the Growth of Gymnosperms.

Morales-Quintana L, Ramos P Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(23).

PMID: 34884435 PMC: 8657560. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312630.

The Protein Phosphatase PP2A Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development by Regulation of Vesicle Traffic-Facts and Questions.

Mathe C, M-Hamvas M, Freytag C, Garda T Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(2).

PMID: 33478110 PMC: 7835740. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020975.

Melatonin acts synergistically with auxin to promote lateral root development through fine tuning auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Ren S, Rutto L, Katuuramu D PLoS One. 2019; 14(8):e0221687.

PMID: 31461482 PMC: 6713329. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221687.

Flavonoids as important molecules of plant interactions with the environment.

Mierziak J, Kostyn K, Kulma A Molecules. 2014; 19(10):16240-65.

PMID: 25310150 PMC: 6270724. DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016240.

Flavonoids as antioxidants and developmental regulators: relative significance in plants and humans.

Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Fini A, Pollastri S, Tattini M Int J Mol Sci. 2013; 14(2):3540-55.

PMID: 23434657 PMC: 3588057. DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023540.

References

Hobbie L, Estelle M . The axr4 auxin-resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana define a gene important for root gravitropism and lateral root initiation. Plant J. 1995; 7(2):211-20. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1995.7020211.x. View

Ichimura K, Mizoguchi T, Yoshida R, Yuasa T, Shinozaki K . Various abiotic stresses rapidly activate Arabidopsis MAP kinases ATMPK4 and ATMPK6. Plant J. 2000; 24(5):655-65. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00913.x. View

Frye C, Tang D, Innes R . Negative regulation of defense responses in plants by a conserved MAPKK kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 98(1):373-8. PMC: 14597. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.1.373. View

Bogre L, Meskiene I, Heberle-Bors E, Hirt H . Stressing the role of MAP kinases in mitogenic stimulation. Plant Mol Biol. 2000; 43(5-6):705-18. DOI: 10.1023/a:1006301614690. View

Mockaitis K, Howell S . Auxin induces mitogenic activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in roots of Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant J. 2001; 24(6):785-96. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00921.x. View

Wassarman D, Solomon N, Chang H, Karim F, Therrien M, Rubin G . Protein phosphatase 2A positively and negatively regulates Ras1-mediated photoreceptor development in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 1996; 10(3):272-8. DOI: 10.1101/gad.10.3.272. View

Rashotte A, DeLong A, Muday G . Genetic and chemical reductions in protein phosphatase activity alter auxin transport, gravity response, and lateral root growth. Plant Cell. 2001; 13(7):1683-97. PMC: 139551. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010158. View

Okada K, Ueda J, Komaki M, Bell C, Shimura Y . Requirement of the Auxin Polar Transport System in Early Stages of Arabidopsis Floral Bud Formation. Plant Cell. 1991; 3(7):677-684. PMC: 160035. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.3.7.677. View

Huala E, Oeller P, Liscum E, Han I, Larsen E, Briggs W . Arabidopsis NPH1: a protein kinase with a putative redox-sensing domain. Science. 1998; 278(5346):2120-3. DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5346.2120. View

10.

Sakai T, Kagawa T, Kasahara M, Swartz T, Christie J, Briggs W . Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98(12):6969-74. PMC: 34462. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.101137598. View

11.

Utsuno K, Shikanai T, Yamada Y, Hashimoto T . Agr, an Agravitropic locus of Arabidopsis thaliana, encodes a novel membrane-protein family member. Plant Cell Physiol. 1999; 39(10):1111-8. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029310. View

12.

Hardtke C, Berleth T . The Arabidopsis gene MONOPTEROS encodes a transcription factor mediating embryo axis formation and vascular development. EMBO J. 1998; 17(5):1405-11. PMC: 1170488. DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1405. View

13.

Liscum E, Briggs W . Mutations in the NPH1 locus of Arabidopsis disrupt the perception of phototropic stimuli. Plant Cell. 1995; 7(4):473-85. PMC: 160797. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.7.4.473. View

14.

Jones A, Im K, Savka M, Wu M, DeWitt N, Shillito R . Auxin-dependent cell expansion mediated by overexpressed auxin-binding protein 1. Science. 1998; 282(5391):1114-7. DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5391.1114. View

15.

Decroocq S, van WENT J, Schmidt E, Kreis M . A homologue of the MAP/ERK family of protein kinase genes is expressed in vegetative and in female reproductive organs of Petunia hybrida. Plant Mol Biol. 1995; 27(2):339-50. DOI: 10.1007/BF00020188. View

16.

Muller A, Guan C, Galweiler L, Tanzler P, Huijser P, Marchant A . AtPIN2 defines a locus of Arabidopsis for root gravitropism control. EMBO J. 1998; 17(23):6903-11. PMC: 1171038. DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.23.6903. View

17.

Shu Y, Yang H, Hallberg E, Hallberg R . Molecular genetic analysis of Rts1p, a B' regulatory subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein phosphatase 2A. Mol Cell Biol. 1997; 17(6):3242-53. PMC: 232177. DOI: 10.1128/MCB.17.6.3242. View

18.

Brown D, Rashotte A, MURPHY A, Normanly J, Tague B, Peer W . Flavonoids act as negative regulators of auxin transport in vivo in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2001; 126(2):524-35. PMC: 111146. DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.2.524. View

19.

Smith R, Walker J . PLANT PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1996; 47:101-125. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.101. View

20.

Bennett M, Marchant A, GREEN H, May S, WARD S, Millner P . Arabidopsis AUX1 gene: a permease-like regulator of root gravitropism. Science. 1996; 273(5277):948-50. DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5277.948. View