Genes and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Overview

Journal Curr Psychiatry Rep

Publisher Current Science

Specialty Psychiatry

Date 2001 Mar 29

PMID 11276403

Citations 14

Authors

J Swanson

M Posner

J Fusella

M Wasdell

T Sommer

J Fan

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The initial molecular genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluated two candidate genes (DAT and DRD4) suggested by dopamine theories of this common disorder and its treatment with stimulant medication. The initial reports of weak associations with ADHD have been replicated by many (but not all) investigators, as is expected for genes with small effects. This literature is reviewed, along with emerging literature generated by active research groups investigating additional genes that might contribute to the genetic basis of this complex disorder.

Citing Articles

The distribution of parent-reported autistic and subclinical ADHD traits in children with and without an autism diagnosis.

Chau T, Tiego J, Brown L, Mellahn O, Johnson B, Bellgrove M JCPP Adv. 2025; 5(1):e12259.

PMID: 40060000 PMC: 11889647. DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12259.

Drug Development for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Where Do We Go Now?.

Sequeira L, Benfeito S, Fernandes C, Lima I, Peixoto J, Alves C Pharmaceutics. 2024; 16(6).

PMID: 38931832 PMC: 11206728. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060708.

Disordered eating in early childhood: DRD4 and DAT1 gene polymorphisms and quality of mother-child interaction.

Pascale E, Cimino S, Cerniglia L, Bevilacqua A Eat Weight Disord. 2022; 27(7):2605-2616.

PMID: 35508584 PMC: 9556347. DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01408-4.

Systematic Review: How the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Polygenic Risk Score Adds to Our Understanding of ADHD and Associated Traits.

Ronald A, de Bode N, Polderman T J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021; 60(10):1234-1277.

PMID: 33548493 PMC: 11164195. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.01.019.

Genetic associations with reflexive visual attention in infancy and childhood.

Lundwall R, Dannemiller J, Goldsmith H Dev Sci. 2015; 20(3).

PMID: 26613685 PMC: 4884175. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12371.

References

Collier D, Curran S, Asherson P . Mission: not impossible? Candidate gene studies in child psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2000; 5(5):457-60. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000796. View

Livak K, Rogers J, Lichter J . Variability of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene sequence within and among nonhuman primate species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92(2):427-31. PMC: 42753. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.2.427. View

Chang F, Kidd J, Livak K, Pakstis A, Kidd K . The world-wide distribution of allele frequencies at the human dopamine D4 receptor locus. Hum Genet. 1996; 98(1):91-101. DOI: 10.1007/s004390050166. View

Holmes J, Payton A, Barrett J, Hever T, FITZPATRICK H, Trumper A . A family-based and case-control association study of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and dopamine transporter gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2000; 5(5):523-30. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000751. View

Barr C, Feng Y, Wigg K, Bloom S, Roberts W, Malone M . Identification of DNA variants in the SNAP-25 gene and linkage study of these polymorphisms and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2000; 5(4):405-9. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000733. View

Gainetdinov R, Wetsel W, Jones S, Levin E, Jaber M, Caron M . Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science. 1999; 283(5400):397-401. DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5400.397. View

Gill M, Daly G, Heron S, Hawi Z, Fitzgerald M . Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism. Mol Psychiatry. 1997; 2(4):311-3. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000290. View

Curran S, Newman S, Taylor E, Asherson P . Hypescheme: an operational criteria checklist and minimum data set for molecular genetic studies of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. Am J Med Genet. 2000; 96(3):244-50. DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<244::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-l. View

State M, Lombroso P, Pauls D, Leckman J . The genetics of childhood psychiatric disorders: a decade of progress. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39(8):946-62. DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200008000-00006. View

10.

Deutsch C, Matthysse S, Swanson J, FARKAS L . Genetic latent structure analysis of dysmorphology in attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990; 29(2):189-94. DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199003000-00006. View

11.

Eisenberg J, Steinberg A, Tartakovsky E, Zohar A, Gritsenko I, Nemanov L . Haplotype relative risk study of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): association of the high-enzyme activity Val allele with ADHD impulsive-hyperactive phenotype. Am J Med Genet. 1999; 88(5):497-502. View

12.

Barr C, Wigg K, Bloom S, Schachar R, Tannock R, Roberts W . Further evidence from haplotype analysis for linkage of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet. 2000; 96(3):262-7. DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<262::aid-ajmg5>3.0.co;2-8. View

13.

Swanson J, Sergeant J, Taylor E, Sonuga-Barke E, Jensen P, Cantwell D . Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Lancet. 1998; 351(9100):429-33. View

14.

Levy F . The dopamine theory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1991; 25(2):277-83. DOI: 10.3109/00048679109077746. View

15.

Swanson J, Oosterlaan J, Murias M, Schuck S, Flodman P, Spence M . Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children with a 7-repeat allele of the dopamine receptor D4 gene have extreme behavior but normal performance on critical neuropsychological tests of attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97(9):4754-9. PMC: 18305. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.080070897. View

16.

Pani L . Is there an evolutionary mismatch between the normal physiology of the human dopaminergic system and current environmental conditions in industrialized countries?. Mol Psychiatry. 2000; 5(5):467-75. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000759. View

17.

Smalley S, Bailey J, Palmer C, Cantwell D, McGough J, DelHomme M . Evidence that the dopamine D4 receptor is a susceptibility gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1998; 3(5):427-30. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000457. View

18.

Cook Jr E, Stein M, Krasowski M, Cox N, OLKON D, Kieffer J . Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1995; 56(4):993-8. PMC: 1801209. View

19.

McCracken J, Smalley S, McGough J, Crawford L, DelHomme M, Cantor R . Evidence for linkage of a tandem duplication polymorphism upstream of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mol Psychiatry. 2000; 5(5):531-6. DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000770. View

20.

Castellanos F . Toward a pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1997; 36(7):381-93. DOI: 10.1177/000992289703600702. View