Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytologic Findings in Multiple Sclerosis. A Comparison Between Patient Subgroups

Objective: To compare cytologic findings in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in various subgroups of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.

Study Design: CSF from 77 patients with clinically definitive or probable MS was examined by means of qualitative cytology. After the cell count was determined in a Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber, slides were prepared by the cytosedimentation method and stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain and oil red O and, whenever possible, with Papanicolaou stain and toluidine blue. In addition to the differential cell count, the lymphocyte/monocyte ratio, percentage of activated forms in the lymphocytic and monocytic series, presence and percentage of lymphoplasmacytes and mature plasma cells, presence of lipophages, lymphophages and presence of mitotic figures were evaluated.

Results: The following statistically significant differences were found between the various MS subgroups: (1) higher prevalence of mitotic figures in the primary progressive MS subgroup; (2) higher prevalence of foam cells and lymphophages and lower prevalence of CSF pleocytosis in more severely disabled patients; (3) lower cell count, lower prevalence of CSF pleocytosis, lower lymphocyte/monocyte ratio and lower prevalence of lymphoplasmacytes in treated patients; and (4) higher prevalence of mature plasma cells and lipophages in MS patients with disease of longer duration.

Conclusion: The differences observed in the various MS subgroups may reflect certain aspects of MS pathogenesis. Qualitative CSF cytology may therefore be useful for both clinicians and neuroimmunologists. Qualitative cytology of CSF is an important diagnostic method that should never be omitted from an examination of CSF from patients with MS.