Therapeutic Adjuncts for Immediate Transfer to the Catheterization Laboratory in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes

Early coronary intervention in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina may be made safer and more efficacious with concomitant therapies, including glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and low-molecular-weight heparins. Stent placement has been shown to improve procedural success and reduce major in-hospital complications when compared with balloon angioplasty alone in patients with unstable angina. However, unstable angina remains a major hazard for adverse coronary events in long-term follow-up after elective stent placement. The currently available glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors-eptifibatide, tirofiban, and abciximab--have each been shown to reduce ischemic events before percutaneous coronary intervention when administered to patients presenting with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes in large clinical trials. The adjunctive role of low-molecular-weight heparins in this scenario has been largely unexplored. Enoxaparin, when given before angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention, has been shown to be superior to unfractionated heparin in preventing major coronary events. In this review, an algorithm for treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes is presented and the current role of these newer adjunctive pharmacotherapies is explored. In the future, combinations of these agents may prove to be most beneficial in patients undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention.