Predictors of Continued Smoking over 25 Years of Follow-up in the Normative Aging Study

Overview

Journal Am J Public Health

Specialty Public Health

Date 2000 Mar 8

PMID 10705859

Citations 18

Authors

B L Nordstrom

T Kinnunen

C H Utman

E A Krall

P S Vokonas

A J Garvey

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objectives: This study tested the hypothesis that high daily cigarette consumption and addiction to smoking are risk factors for the long-term continuation of smoking.

Methods: Using longitudinal data from 986 male smokers, we entered cigarettes per day, psychological addiction, age, and education into a survival analysis as predictors of continued smoking over a 25-year period.

Results: Younger men and those who smoked more cigarettes per day were more likely to remain smokers in the long term. Addiction and education level were not significant predictors of continued smoking.

Conclusions: Heavier smokers are more at risk than lighter smokers for long-term smoking. It is therefore very important to provide smoking cessation treatments for heavy smokers as early as possible after the initiation of smoking.

Citing Articles

Compliance Checks Decrease Cigarette Sales Rates to Pseudo-Underaged Mystery Shoppers: A Quasi-Experimental Control Group Study.

Feltmann K, Gripenberg J, Elgan T Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(20).

PMID: 36293737 PMC: 9602829. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013161.

Sales of cigarettes to pseudo-underage mystery shoppers: Experiences from Stockholm County.

Feltmann K, Gripenberg J, Elgan T Nordisk Alkohol Nark. 2022; 38(6):573-585.

PMID: 35309850 PMC: 8900174. DOI: 10.1177/14550725211003423.

Prevalence and Predictors of Hardcore Smoking in India-: Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2016-2017).

Banerjee S, Tripathy J, Bandyopadhyay K, Deshmukh P Indian J Community Med. 2022; 46(4):710-714.

PMID: 35068740 PMC: 8729276. DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_954_20.

Burden of male hardcore smokers and its characteristics among those eligible for lung cancer screening.

Park D, Jang J, Park T, Lee H, Moon J, Kim S BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1):151.

PMID: 32005218 PMC: 6995174. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8266-z.

Characteristics of hardcore smokers in South Korea from 2007 to 2013.

Kang E, Lee J, Cho H BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1):521.

PMID: 28549442 PMC: 5446685. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4452-z.

References

Costa Jr P, McCrae R, Bosse R . Smoking motive factors: a review and replication. Int J Addict. 1980; 15(4):537-49. DOI: 10.3109/10826088009040036. View

Senore C, Battista R, SHAPIRO S, Segnan N, Ponti A, Rosso S . Predictors of smoking cessation following physicians' counseling. Prev Med. 1998; 27(3):412-21. DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1998.0286. View

Garvey A, Bosse R, Glynn R, Rosner B . Smoking cessation in a prospective study of healthy adult males: effects of age, time period, and amount smoked. Am J Public Health. 1983; 73(4):446-50. PMC: 1650768. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.73.4.446. View

Swan G, Denk C, Parker S, Carmelli D, Furze C, Rosenman R . Risk factors for late relapse in male and female ex-smokers. Addict Behav. 1988; 13(3):253-66. DOI: 10.1016/0306-4603(88)90052-4. View

Garvey A, Heinold J, Rosner B . Self-help approaches to smoking cessation: a report from the normative aging study. Addict Behav. 1989; 14(1):23-33. DOI: 10.1016/0306-4603(89)90013-0. View

Curry S, Thompson B, Sexton M, Omenn G . Psychosocial predictors of outcome in a worksite smoking cessation program. Am J Prev Med. 1989; 5(1):2-7. View

Tate J, Stanton A . Assessment of the validity of the Reasons for Smoking scale. Addict Behav. 1990; 15(2):129-35. DOI: 10.1016/0306-4603(90)90016-q. View

Wagenknecht L, Perkins L, Cutter G, Sidney S, Burke G, Manolio T . Cigarette smoking behavior is strongly related to educational status: the CARDIA study. Prev Med. 1990; 19(2):158-69. DOI: 10.1016/0091-7435(90)90017-e. View

Neaton J, Wentworth D . Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1992; 152(1):56-64. View

10.

Freund K, DAgostino R, Belanger A, Kannel W, Stokes 3rd J . Predictors of smoking cessation: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992; 135(9):957-64. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116407. View

11.

Salive M, LaCroix A, OSTFELD A, Wallace R, Hennekens C . Predictors of smoking cessation and relapse in older adults. Am J Public Health. 1992; 82(9):1268-71. PMC: 1694340. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.82.9.1268. View

12.

Kenford S, Fiore M, Jorenby D, Smith S, Wetter D, Baker T . Predicting smoking cessation. Who will quit with and without the nicotine patch. JAMA. 1994; 271(8):589-94. DOI: 10.1001/jama.271.8.589. View

13.

. Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 1992, and changes in the definition of current cigarette smoking. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994; 43(19):342-6. View

14.

Zhu B, Giovino G, Mowery P, Eriksen M . The relationship between cigarette smoking and education revisited: implications for categorizing persons' educational status. Am J Public Health. 1996; 86(11):1582-9. PMC: 1380693. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.86.11.1582. View

15.

. Projected smoking-related deaths among youth--United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996; 45(44):971-4. View

16.

. Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998; 46(51):1217-20. View

17.

Hymowitz N, Cummings K, Hyland A, Lynn W, Pechacek T, Hartwell T . Predictors of smoking cessation in a cohort of adult smokers followed for five years. Tob Control. 1997; 6 Suppl 2:S57-62. PMC: 1766209. DOI: 10.1136/tc.6.suppl_2.s57. View

18.

Bosse R, Garvery A, Glynn R . Age and addiction to smoking. Addict Behav. 1980; 5(4):341-51. DOI: 10.1016/0306-4603(80)90008-8. View