Involvement of Germ Cell Apoptosis in the Induction of Testicular Toxicity Following Hydroxyurea Treatment

The present study investigated the occurrence of apoptotic cell death in the mouse testis at various intervals following the administration of hydroxyurea (HU). The presence of apoptosis was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and by DNA fragmentation assay using ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction. Both the incidence of apoptotic cells and the level of DNA fragmentation in the testis increased depending on the HU dose, and they were most apparent at the highest dose (400 mg/kg). The incidence of apoptotic cells in the HU-treated group increased continuously and peaked at 12 h, but then decreased gradually, reaching control levels by 48 h. After HU treatment, TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells increased in the seminiferous epithelium of the tubules, and affected cells were found synchronously in the tubules of animals treated with HU. Spermatogonia and spermatocytes were found to be affected selectively. TUNEL-positive cells were found to be stage-specific and were primarily in stage IV-VI tubules. It has been shown that in vivo HU exposure induced testicular germ cell apoptosis dose dependently in a time- and stage-specific manner, and damaged cells appeared to be eliminated by phagocytosis by neighboring cells. Apoptosis of damaged testicular germ cells is apparently a common response to various testicular toxicants therefore protecting the next generations of germ cells from the damaged cell population.